pesticides midterm reviews

Question 1

Organochlorines and pyrethroid works on ___synaptic neuron’s????

Answer 1

Organochlorines and pyrethroid work on PRE-synaptic neuron’s enzymes and membrane, disrupting ion dist

Question 2

Organophosphate and carbamates work on ___synaptic cell???

Answer 2

Organophosphate and carbamates work on POST-synaptic cell by increasing ACh

Question 3

Organochlorine insecticides include…

Answer 3

DDT, chlorinated-cyclodienes, -cyclohexene and chlordecone (kepone)

Question 4

Organochlorin’es hormonal effect

Answer 4

estrogenic effect and enzyme-inducing properties interfering with fertility and reproduction

Question 5

DDT and chlorinated-cyclohexanes cause….

Answer 5

paresthesia, dizziness, HA, N/V—-weight loss, anorexia, anemia

Question 6

chlorinated cyclodienes and kepone cause…

Answer 6

HA, N/V, myoclonic jerking, seizures—-insomnia, anxiety, syncope, seizures

Kepone causes severe impairment of spermatogenesis

Question 7

DDT MOA (mechanism of action)

Answer 7

DDT reduces K permeability, increases NA permeability and inhibits ATPase pumps. all leading to prolonged depolarization

Question 8

chlorinated compound MOA

Answer 8

mimic picrotoxin which inhibit GABA. result in only partial repolarization.

Question 9

Metabolism of organochlorine insecticides

Answer 9

very slow.

very lipophilic even after metabolism.

Question 10

treatment of organochlorine

Answer 10

diazepam or phenobarbital for convulsions

Question 11

Organophosphate/carbamate MOA

Answer 11

inhibition of AChEase.

OP covalently links with AChEase permenantly.

Carbamate can be removed from AChEase

Question 12

Symptoms of OP/carbamate

Answer 12

miosis (pupil contriction), blurred vision, tearing, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, arrhythmia, bronchoconstriction, PE, twitching, weakness, HA, dizziness, confusion, syncope.

SLUD/DUMBELS

Question 13

SLUD/DUMBELS

Answer 13

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea

Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchorrhea, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

Question 14

OP/carbamate tx

Answer 14

Atropine: for hypersecretion and bradycardia. blocks binding of ACh to post-synaptic receptors.

2PAM for OP only: reverses permenant OP inhibition of ACHEase

Question 15

OP/carbamate metabolism

Answer 15

extensive metabolism involving both phase 1 and 2

Question 16

Pyrethroid insecticides use and classes

Answer 16

Used for pet flea control and vector control. Both inhibit Ca/Mg ATPase, increasing Ca level and NT release

Type 1 (non-cyano): shorter inactivation of nerve cell Na channel causing long afterpotential like DDT

Type 2 (alpha-cyano): longer anactivation of Na channel causing persistent depolarization and repetitive firing

Question 17

Pyrethroid sx

Answer 17

dizziness, HA, seizure, resp sensitization (asthma) and allergic dermatitis

Question 18

Pyrethroid Tx

Answer 18

decontamination, vit. E cream, and symptomatic therapy

Question 19

Herbicides include…

Answer 19

dipyridyl compounds (paraquat, diquat), glyphosate, chlorophenoxy compounds (2,4,5-T and 2,4-D)

Question 20

dipyridyl compound: Paraquat

Answer 20

skin toxicity: skin blisters and infection.

Leads to GI ulcers, liver damage/necrosis and pulmonary fibrosis (eventual target is lung)

Question 21

Glycophosate MOA and Sx

Answer 21

eye and skin irritation, death if ingested large amount.

MOA on human unknown.

Question 22

Chlorophenoxy compounds :2,4,5-T and 2,4-D

Answer 22

2,4,5-T aka “agent orange” has dioxin byproduct (carcinogen).
2,4-D has no dioxin byproduct.

CNS depression, skin/GI irritation, renal failure—anemia, hepatic/renal damage

Question 23

Fumigant classes

Answer 23

Halogenated hydrocarbon (methyl bromide, DBCP, etc), inorganic compounds (sulfuryl fluoride), profumigants (metam sodium) and metal phosphides (Al, Zn, Mg)

Question 24

Methyl bromide properties

Answer 24

high vapor pressure and odorless. Chlropicrin (tear gas) is added in commercial products for safety.
effect on ozone layers

Question 25

Methyl bromide toxicity

Answer 25

acute: blisters, lower resp PE, CNS depression
chronic: cognitive/behavioral effect, teratogen, genotoxic and mutagenic.

Question 26

Sulrufuryl fluoride toxicity

Answer 26

dyspnea, cough, PE, renal damage, weakness, seizure, N/V

Question 27

Metam sodium toxicity

Answer 27

hydrolyzes to mixture of irritants.

irritant dematitis, asthma

Question 28

metal phophides properties

Answer 28

colorless, fish/garlic smell.
Highly explosive and corrosive.
Rapidly oxidized to phosphoric acid.

Question 29

metal phosphides sx

Answer 29

resemble viral syndrome. pulmonary and CNS toxicity. multi-organ failure

Question 30

Fungicides effects

Answer 30

irritant and allergic dermatitis. Chronic dermatitis, possible carcinogen

Question 31

fungicide–elemental sulfer

Answer 31

potent skin irritant and airway irritant.

MOA: redox byproduct of sulfur is allergy-inducing agent.

Question 32

Rodenticides classes

Answer 32

Botanicals (red squill, strychnine), inorganics (phoshporous, thallium, zinc phosphide), anticoagulants

Question 33

Regulatory mandate: FIFRA

Answer 33

by EPA.

gives EPA authority to control dist, sale and use of pesticides. require labeling, registration, etc.

Question 34

regulation: FFDCA

Answer 34

allows EPA to establish tolerance for pesticides in food, drug and cosmetics

Question 35

regulation: Worker protection standard

Answer 35

by OSHA for worker protection, training and stuff.

Question 36

regulation: FQPA

Answer 36

by EPA.

health-based standards for pesticides in food. focuses on children