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Crop Protection and Biosecurity > Pesticide Module > Flashcards

Pesticide Module Flashcards

1
Q

What is a label?

A

A legally binding document required for safe storage and use. Drafted and printed in accordance with a national code of practice issued by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines authority (APVMA).

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2
Q

What’s included on a Label?

A

Trade Brand and Product Name
Directions for use
General Instructions
Cautions
Storage and Dispersal

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3
Q

Read the label before:

A
  1. Purchase
  2. Storage
  3. Mixing and application
  4. Disposal
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4
Q

When handling pesticides:

A

Use PPE, workers must be trained, and avoid damage.

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5
Q

Pesticide Storage:

A

Location should be away from:
1. Residential buildings or animal housing
2. Workplace activities
3. Watercourses, drains and water catchments
4. Ag and veterinary supplies
5. Above highest recorded flood level
Protected from weather:
* Fireproof construction
* Good ventilation
* Impermeable floor or storage base
* Provide for drainage of spills and clean up water
* Containers labelled and closed when not in use

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6
Q

Disposal of pesticide containers

A
  • Triple rinse, pressure rinse
  • Free of residues
  • Labelled
  • Dry
  • Never burn
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7
Q

Development of new crop protection products

A
  1. Need identification
  2. Active ingredient identification
  3. Active ingredient optimization
  4. Development trials and regulatory studies
  5. APVMA review
  6. Product produced and sold
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8
Q

APVMA data requirements

A
  1. Overview
  2. Chemistry and manufacture
  3. Toxicology
  4. Metabolism and Kinetics
  5. Residues
  6. Overseas Trade
  7. OHS
  8. Environment
  9. Efficacy and safety
  10. Non-food trade
  11. Special data
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9
Q

Efficacy ratings

A

Control consistently reduces pest numbers or damage to a commercially acceptable level
Supression doesn’t consistently reduce pest numbers or damage to a commercially acceptable level

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10
Q

Efficacy and Crop Safety Trials

A
  • Test different rates of the product
  • Compare to industry standards
  • Qualitative and quantitative assessments
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11
Q

Efficacy and crop safety trial design

A
  • Conduct trials in more than one region and more than one season
  • Choose locations based on suitability to crop and the pest
  • Trial treatments should include control, industry standard, label rate, other rates (e.g. 0.5x rate, 2x label rate)
  • Trial design should be replicated = usually complete block design
    15 degrees of freedom recommended
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12
Q

Efficacy and Safety Assessment

A
  • Incidence and severity of the target prior to application
  • Incidence and severity of the target after application
  • Damage to the crop (phytotoxicity – flowering, seed size)
  • Crop yield and quality
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13
Q

Residue Trials

A
  • Incidence and severity of the target prior to application
  • Incidence and severity of the target after application
  • Damage to the crop (phytotoxicity – flowering, seed size)
  • Crop yield and quality
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14
Q

How are MRL’s set?

A
  1. LOAEL  lowest observable adverse effect level
  2. NOAEL  No observable adverse effect level
    a. Difference between NOAEL and ADI  factor of 100.
  3. ADI  acceptable daily intake
  4. MRL  maximum residue level
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15
Q

Pesticide Formulations

A
  • Active ingredients (AI) usually delivered as fine droplets to cover a crop or other target surface.
    o Many AI’s not soluble in water
    o AI’s must be formulated with other chemicals to allow dispersion and uptake.
  • Inert ingredients can include:
    o Synergists  improve efficacy
    o Buffers  corrects pH
    o Sequestering agents  prevent precipitation
    o Humectants  retains / preserves moisture
    o Anti- foaming agents/defoamers
    o Wetting agents  surfactants
  • Formulations of active constituents
    o Liquid form
     Emulsifiable concentrates
     Suspension concentrates
    o Dry
    o Others
  • Soluble liquids  mix readily with water
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16
Q

What’s considered when making a formulation?

A
  • Concentration required
  • Pest/disease biology
  • Physical properties of AI (solubility, UV)
  • Surface type
  • Application equipment
  • Possible runoff/leaching
  • Impact of spray drift
  • Safety (handling and transport)
17
Q

Mixing Products

A
  • Some products can be mixed:
    o Reduces application cost (time and labour)
    o Reduces equipment wear and tear
    o Increase efficacy (synergism)
  • Types of incompatibility:
    o Physical  wont mix evenly
     Precipitate out of solution
     Clogging nozzles
     Reduces Ai conc
     Limits even formulation distribution
    o Chemical  chemical reaction
18
Q

Droplet size

A
  • Determined by nozzle
  • Described in terms of
    1. Volume median diameter – droplet size range divided into two halves based in volume
    2. Number median diameter – number of droplets divided in half
  • NMD usually smaller that VMD because usually pesticide sprays large number of small droplets
19
Q

Balance between coverage and drift for different targets

A
  • Too big and you won’t get good coverage
  • To small you may get coverage but have
    o Increased drift
    o Off target effects
    o Resistance
    o Pollution
    o Deregistration
    o Cranky neighbours
    o Social licence
20
Q

Targets vs optimal droplet size

A

Target: Optimal droplet size:
Flying insect 10-50 microns
Insects on surfaces 30-100microns
Plant diseases 30-150 microns
Weeds 100-300 microns

21
Q

Spray Mix Equation

A

o X (quantity of concentrate) = S (concentration following dilution)/ C ( conc of active in undiluted product) x V (volume of tank)

22
Q

Why Calibrate?

A
  • Accurate and even application
  • Saves $
23
Q

Spray Rate calculation

A

o Spray rate (L/ha) = 600 x nozzle output (L/min) / forward speed (km/hr) x swath (m)

24
Q

Nozzle output equation

A

o Nozzle output = forward speed x swath x spray rate /600

25
Q

Forward Speed Equation

A

o Forward speed = 600 x nozzle output / spray rate x swath

26
Q

Systemic Vs Contact Herbicide

A

Systemic - translocated through plant (slower)
Contact kills what it touches (faster)

27
Q

Selective Versus Non-selective Herbicide

A

Selective kills some things while non-selective kills everything.

28
Q

How can herbicides be classified by weed growth stage?

A

Pre-emergent and Post emergent

29
Q

Hydraulic Nozzles

A

Hydraulic nozzles
Advantages:
1. Machine components simple, easy to operate, and replace.
2. Can be used in many situations
3. Forgiving: allows for some operator error
Disadvantages:
1. Wide spectrum droplet size can be inefficient and cause wastage
2. Some nozzles prone to wear
3. Nozzles require regular calibration.

30
Q

3 ways to generate droplets

A

Hydraulic
Air-Shear
Centrifugal Force

31
Q

Drones advantages and disadvantages

A

o Advantages
 $20,000 – Cheap
 Map the affected area and then only spray that area.
 Uses less product = less runoff
 Reduce resistance
 Precise
 Better penetration
 Environmentally friendly
o Disadvantages
 10L drone can only travel for 10 minutes
 Licence for drone and chem cert to administer chemical
 Can’t operate in high winds
 Large area application

Crop Protection and Biosecurity (2 decks)

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