persuation Flashcards
Persuasion
the art of swaying others’ feelings, beliefs, or actions.
appeals to both the intellect and the
emotions of readers.
Persuasive Techniques
methods used to influence
others to adopt certain opinions
or beliefs or to act in certain
ways
types of persuation techniques
– emotional appeals (pathos)
– appeal to logic (logos)
– ethical appeals (ethos)
– appeals by association
– bandwagon appeal
– appeal to values
– appeal to authority
– loaded language
– repetition
Emotional
Appeals
uses strong feelings, rather than facts, evidence and logic to persuade
appeal to emotion fallacy
occurs when an argument circumvents logic by attempting to manipulate the audience’s feelings.
LogicalAppeal
• provides rational arguments to support your claims using facts, figures, and statistics.
card stacking
where you don’t provide all
of the information for an audience to make a decision.
fallacies
• common errors in reasoning that will
undermine the logic of your argument.
• they can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.
Hasty generalizations:
• assumptions about a whole group
or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or too mall)
• stereotypes about people are a common example of a hasty generalization.
Ethical Appeal (ethos)
• taps into people’s values or moral
standards
• strategic use of sound reasoning,
logic, claims, and evidence.
• help establish credibility and
authority as a writer or speaker.
• show that you can be relied upon
as a knowledgeable person with
good sense.
appeal to authority
-call an expert to provide credibility or importance to a product
-professionals
authority
People think that they are being manipulated
false authority
a type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which it
is assumed that the opinions of a recognized expert in one area should be heeded in another area.
authority fallacy
saying that a claim is true just because an authority figure said so
appeal by association
suggest that a person or people should do something or believe something just because another person did it.
types of appeal by association
• bandwagon
• plainfolks appeal
•testimonial
•transfer
bandwagon
desire of people of belonging in a group
plainfolks
ordinary people are “on our side” or that a candidate is like a regular person
testimonial
relies on endorsements from celebrities or satisfied customers
transfer
connects a product, a candidate, or cause with a positive image
loaded language
uses words with positive or negative connotations to stir people’s emotions. loaded words aredesigned to manipulate
denotation
literal or primary
meaning of a word
connotation
an idea or feeling that a
word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning
loaded language uses: (to manipulate)
• name calling
• euphemisms
• glittering generalities
name calling
using derogatory
implications or innuendos to turn people
against something
euphemisms
doublespeak - where
something bad is sanitized and twisted to make it seem better
euphemisms
doublespeak - where
something bad is sanitized and twisted to make it seem better
glittering generalities:
use of slogans or
simple phrases that sound good but give little or no information
Persuasion in daily
life
– TV ads
– speeches
– editorials
– petitions
– music
– reels
Caution:
• when used properly, persuasive techniques can
add depth to writing that’s meant to persuade.
• persuasive techniques can, however, be misused
to cloud factual information, disguise poor
reasoning, or unfairly exploit people’s emotions in
order to shape their opinions
Argument
speech or writing that presents a claim about an issue or
problem and supports it with reasons and evidence.
Analyzing an
Argument
• an argument may be constructed
of high-quality parts, or it might be
poorly made.
• to analyze an argument, you need
to be able to understand its parts.
Analyzing an
Argument
• an argument may be constructed
of high-quality parts, or it might be
poorly made.
• to analyze an argument, you need
to be able to understand its parts.
Rhetoric
The art of persuasion through communication. Form
of discourse that appeals to people’s emotions and
logic in order to motivate or inform.
repetition
helps emphasize a point and makes
a speech easy to follow.
rhetorical questions:
questions that do not
require a reply. Writers use them to suggest that
their arguments make the answer obvious or self-
evident.
parallelism
•the repetition of grammatical
elements in a piece of writing to create a harmonious effect.
•It is also used to express ideas that are related or of equal importance.
• analogies
is a point-by-point comparison
between two things that are alike in some respect.
