PERSPECTIVES Flashcards
In his Culture and Anarchy (1867) mentioned that culture or high culture as opposed to popular culture (or folkways in an earlier usage) is a product of a special intellectual or artistic endeavor humans had invented.
Matthew Arnold
(1952) defined that culture is composed of behavior (explicit and implicit) acquired and transmitted through symbols. It is a human group that includes their distinctive achievements and embodiment in artifacts, traditional and historical ideas, and formation of values. They added that culture systems can be considered as a product of action from conditional elements of a society.
Kroeber & Kluckhohn
(1820-1903) described the emerging societies as societies of survival and primarily based on the concept of natural law. Members of each society must learn to adapt to their surroundings to outlast the prevailing conditions present in their environment.
Herbert Spencer
(1858-1917) said that society is composed of harmonious elements such as individuals, organizations, and social institutions. These elements must perform their role in the society for function effectively. Dysfunction may occur if these elements are not in the state of equilibrium.
Emile Durkheim
(1969) who coined the term symbolic interactionism studied how humans interact to the meanings ascribed into a specific object under circumstances.
Herbert Blumer
Cooley (1902) said that society and individuals are not separated but are simply collective and distributive aspects of the same thing. He theorized the concept of the looking glass self. According to this, self-relation, or how one views oneself is not an isolated event but rather includes others. It emphasized how we changed our identity or personality based on how others see us.
Charles Horton
(1922) mentioned that society is a unified itself, the organization, and the totality of formal relations in which interacting humans are guaranteed together.
Franklin Giddings
