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personality psychology > Personality Theories > Flashcards

Personality Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the plus of lay definitions of personality?

A
  • they still impact our life
    • give a cultural/ age related perspective that can kickstart actual theories
  • can highlight mistakes in those actual theories
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2
Q

what is the main aim of PID ?

A
  • understand what causes different behaviors, categorize them, and use those categorization to predict behaviors
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3
Q

brief description of differences between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality study :

A
  • nomothetic:
  • assumption: behavior is the combination of a finite number of features—> people can be put into categories according to what of these features they have
  • methods: quantitative ( mainly self reports tests)
  • pros: generalizable==>good predictors, good for educational purposes
    cons: risk of oversimplification
  • idiographic:
  • assumption: there are an infinite number of behavioral features ==> individual are too unique to be studies as classes
  • methods: qualitative—>interviews, diaries, therapeutic sessions or narratives,
  • pros: detailed , takes into account exceptions
  • cons: not objective, not systematic scientific methodology==> difficult to generalize

reality is actually a mix: idiogarphic go beyond single cases and look for patterns among them , nomothetic recognize that there is a high variability among individuals

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4
Q

situational vs dispositional explanation of individual differences

A

situational support that difference is due to environment set (supported by sociologist) –> meaning we all should behave similarly in similar situations

dispositional supports that personality differences are inserisci of the individual and hold constant despite of the situation

fusion: in socially prescribed situation( where behavior expl. is situational ) still individual differences are observed ( dispositional expo.) –> ex: walking on stage to get your diploma

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5
Q

what are the 8 criteria to evaluate a theory?

A
  1. description: does it describe and organize phenomena accurately ( the “how”)?
  2. explanantion: dies it show the “why” of phenomena ?
  3. empirical validity : are the predictions of the theory are coherent with empirically evidence?
  4. testable concepts. can concepts of the theory be systematically tested?
  5. comprehensiveness: does it encompass all necessary concepts?
  6. parsimony. does it goes off tangent with explanation or is it too succinct ?
  7. heuristic value. does it generate interest and some new research form it
  8. Applied value. is the theory useful in practical terms ?
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6
Q

what aspect to bandora and rotter have in common :

A
  • they distance from behaviorism : take into account also the cognitive part pf behavior ( one’s perception, internal stimuli )
  • both started with animal studies, then moved to human but kept lab approach
  • both did not acknowledge the genetic inheritance as having a role in behavior
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7
Q

which one are the learning theories of personality ?

A

Bandura
rotter
mischel

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8
Q

what is reciprocal determinism ?

A

is the interaction of personal factors ( ones’ attitude, emotions, thought , perception, ecc..) environmental faros and the individual’ already present behavior ( one derived from experience ) that originates a new behavior

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9
Q

what is bandura’s theory ?

A

social learning theory

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10
Q

what are the key concepts of the social learning theory ?

A 
reciprocal determinism 
observational learning 
agency 
self reinforcement
self efficacy
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11
Q

” continue to do things that gives us pleasure, stop things that re harming us”

A

self reinforcement

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12
Q

what is the role of forethought in Bandura’s theory ?

A

forethought allow us to anticipate reward or punishment following some action , so we can motivate ourself to perform that behavior

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13
Q

what are the besot important factor for motivation

A

forethought and setting ourself goals

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14
Q

what factors influence the extent of observational learning?

A

characteristic of the model : more similar , more likely to perform behavior
characteristic of the behavior : the more easy the more likely
consequences
characteristics of the observer: the more confident , the more likely

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15
Q

the belief that by performing a behavior we will actually use the desired outcome

A

self efficacy

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16
Q

how to increase self efficacy:

A

just do it
see someone else with low self efficacy perform the behavior and get the result ( vicarious experience)
perform the behavior simultaneously to the model who is obtaining the result ( participant modeling)

17
Q

define the three types of agency:

A
  • personal agency = the belief that you can change things to make them better for yourself or others
  • proxy agency = the individual enlists other people to help change some of the factors impacting on their life
  • collective agency = a group of individuals come together believing that they can make a difference to their own and/or others’ life circumstance
18
Q

describe rotter’s theory

A

rotter’s believes that our behavior potential is determined by the product of our expectancy and the reinforcement value
basically when choosing what behavior to perform ( even not to perform it is a choice too), we gather all the option, evaluate how likely to be successful we are, then how motivated ( self reinforcement level) we are to perform it. the option with the highest evaluation according to those two criteria is performed

19
Q

correlated factors to internal end external locus of control

A

internal: better life style, academic success
external: mental illnesses, derives probably by early economic problems in life

20
Q

rotter’s main concepts:

A

behavior potential and locus of control

21
Q

describe the 3 traits of dark triad

A

machiavellinism : cinycal , self-focused, manipulative, double faced, interest only on personal gain at expense of deceiving others

narcisism: egocentric, egoist , self admiration, feeling of superiority , become aggressive if reputation and ego are threatened
psychopathy: socially withdrawn, apathy, no sense of guilt or remorse, impulsive, thrill seeking

22
Q

what are the influence of dark triad traits on personal life

A

narcisism: are natural leaders, good first impression ( seem confident and charismatic)
machiavellism: also good at portraying themself well to manipulate others
psychopathy: good at achieving their goals not being distracted by emotional stressors–>quality looked in high rank jobs

23
Q

what is evolutionary explanation of dark triad ?

A

those trait all have exploitation and self centered of other as a common factor, which might be a winner option in the survival game , which also might explain why this traits are passed down genetically

24
Q

what are the Big five outcomes in personal life?

A

openness: flexible mentality , resilience, rich life, creativity
conscientiousness: academic success, better life style
Low Conscientiousness predicts:
adolescent conflicts, substance abuse , criminal acts and even suicide attempts

extraversion: reduced cooperation: success seeking, leadership
agreableness. very social, good relationships
neuroticism: health and relationships problems, poor job performance

25
Q

what is the person situation dibate

A

originate when Mischel pointed out that behavior was not consistent across situations–> personality traits are not a good predictor of behavior across situations

Mischel claimed that the correlation between personality trait self-report measures ( personality coefficient ) and behaviour was between 0.2 and 0.3, meaning that the trait was accounting for under 10 per cent of the variance in behaviour.

26
Q

what’s mischel solution to the person situation dilemma ?

A

mischel suggest to measure situation dependent descriptors displaying how how individuals personally interpreted the world , as opposed to situation-free trait descriptors—> for that he developed CAPS

27
Q

what are ellis’ main concepts?

A

REBT
irrationality
ABC

28
Q

describe REBT

A

is based on the assumption that emotion distress does result from the events themselves but from how individual percieve the events ( in a wrong way, irrationally ) —> to relief distress, it is necessary to increase rational thinking

29
Q

what is ellis’ concept of irrationality ?

A

he thinks that every one of us is born with a rational and a irrational part , and that psychological disturbances are largely the result of illogical or irrational thinkin

irrational behaviour is that which prevents people from achieving their basic goals

30
Q

Describe the ABC principle

A

A represents the Activating event, the possible stressor
B represents the clients’ Belief system, what set of criteria then person uses to interpret the possible stressor
C represents the emotional and behavioural Consequences
that occur as a result—> they can start a new A

31
Q

traits vs types

A

traits:

  • continuous
  • quantitative–> you can have a certain degree of a specific trait—> they are scored on a scale
  • ordinal —> on trait can be more influential than the other

types:

  • discontinuous
  • discrete —> you are either one type or another
  • qualitative
  • categorical—> each type is sharp distinguishable from the others,
32
Q

what are the paradoxes of personality study ?

A

personality studies tend to take a dispositional approach which, bec cause situational approaches usually contrast with the idea that personality is continuous and consistent
also they need to study big groups to understand the individual,

33
Q

what are kelly’s main concepts

A 
rep grid 
personal construct theory 
constructive alternativism
fundamental postulate
free will
34
Q

describe personal construct theory

A

kelly sees people as constantly trying to make sense of the wold around them,
to do so, though, they do not use objective and impartial criteria and methods, but they use personal constructs, aka their personal way to interpret reality –.> this explains differences in behavior, and also creativity
people have the capacity to change their personal constructs if they see that someone else’s are more efficient in explaining the world’s events (constructive alternativism )

35
Q

what is a rep grid

A

is a personality assessment technique.
Patient is asked to make list of people that know them well and list of paired construct ( humorous- humorless)
for each pair of construct their are asked to consider three o the people they have listed and indicate which are similar between them and which is different in the group
there is no standard scoring , what is being analyzed is what people and construct have been chose,

36
Q

pros and cons of adoption and twin studies

A 
adoption
PRO: account for the influence of environment in personality 
CONS: adoption studies might also be biased, because children are usually given to middle to higher class family, which might not account for environment variability

twin:
PRO: comparing different types of genetic makeup to show extent genetic influence
CONS : overstimation of the role of genetics ( because identical twins have more similar environments than do same-sex fraternal twins),Also, research shows that identical twins are treated more similarly by their parents, spend more time together and have the same friends more often

37
Q

Five factor models stregths and weakneses

A

PROS:
costa and mcrae demonstrated personality differences are stable over time and have a genetic basis ( mz twins and reared apart ones show higher correlations )—> concluded it is universal
- found in different languages, ages of people and races.
- Boyle (1989) found that the Big Five is largely compatible with Cattell’s 16PF and Eysenck’s Gigantic Three.
-explained in evolutionary terms ( Buss)

CONS:

  • offers a descriptive,—> not causal classification of individual differences and low predictive value
  • data driven—-> no theory behind ( atheoretical )
  • traits show intercorrelations–> multiple traits might be mediates by a single more general umbrella trait
  • labelling, meaning and number of traits are subjective
38
Q

behavior’s 3 main characteristics from evolutionary psychology

A

functionality

personality psychology (1 decks)

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