Personality Psychology Flashcards
Associate the different temperaments with the fluids from the body according to Hippocrates
Choleric temperament - Yellow bile from the liver.💛
Melancholic temperament - black bile from the kidneys.🖤
Sanguine temperament - red blood from the heart.❤️
Phlegmatic temperament - white phlegm from the lungs 🤍
Who built on Hippocrates theory suggesting that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humor
Galen
Wundt divided the four temperaments into two major axes which are
Strong emotions / weak emotions
Unchangeable temperaments / Changeable temperament
Where does each temperament fall under the Wundt division of temperament
Melancholic - strong emotions and unchangeable temperaments
Phlegmatic - unchangeable temperaments and weak emotions
Choleric - strong emotions and changeable temperaments
Sanguine - Changeable temperament and weak emotions
What was the first comprehensive theory of personality
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective
According to the psychodynamic perspective personality was thought to be?
Long term , stable and not easily changed
Neo - Freudian theorist reduced the emphasis on sex and focused more on ?
Social environment
Phrenology is the?
Attempt to associate personality with the shape and size of the head
Phrenology was developed by ?
Franz Joseph Gall
Studies of Hysteria was written by ____ and ______ in the year ______
Sigmund Freud and Joseph Breuer in 1895
According to Freud what fraction of our mind is Consious
One-tenth
Unacceptable urges and desire are kept in our unconscious through a process called ?
Repression
an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings is known as ?
Freudian Slip
According to Freud the ID operates on what is called the?
Pleasure Principle
Which part of our personality acts as our Conscious
Superego
The ego operates on what principle
The reality principle
List the 8 Defense mechanisms
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Explain the following Defense mechanisms
1.) Regression
2.) Repression
3.) Sublimation
4.) Projection
Regression: Returning to coping strategies for a less mature stage of development
Repression: Suppressing painful memories and thoughts
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others
Explain the following Defense mechanisms
1.) Denial
2.) Displacement
3.) Reaction Formation
4.) Rationalization
Denial: Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant
Displacement: Transferring inappropriate urges behaviors unto a more acceptable or less threatening target
Reaction Formation: Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
What are the stages of psychosexual development
Oral (0 - 1)
Anal (1 - 3)
Phallic ( 3 - 6)
Latency ( 6 - puberty)
Genital stage (puberty to death)
Name the Four major Neo - Freudians
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Who was the first president of Vienna psychoanalytical society
Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937)
What school of psychology focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority and who is the founder
Individual psychology, founded by Alfred Adler
The concept of inferiority complex was proposed by ?
Alfred Adler
What is inferiority complex ?
This refers to a persons feeling that they lack worth and don’t measure up to standards of others or of society
Adler identified three fundamental social tasks:
Occupational tasks (Careers)
Societal tasks (Friendship)
Love tasks
Erik Erikson proposed that?
An individual personality develops throughout the lifespan
List the development tasks and the age range of the eight stages proposed by Erik Erikson
0-1 Trust vs. Mistrust
1-3 Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
3-6 Initiative vs. Guilt
7-11 Industry vs. Inferiority
12-18 Identity vs. Confusion
19-29 Intimacy vs. Isolation
30-64 Generativity vs. Stagnation
65-death integrity vs. despair
Who is the founder of analytical psychology
Carl Jung
Jung proposed two attitudes towards Life they are?
Extroversion and Introversion
What is Collective unconscious
This is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns or memory traces, which are common to all of us
What was the focus of analytical psychology
Working to balance opposing forces of the conscious and unconscious
What is the persona and who proposed this concept
A persona is a mask in which we all adopt, according to Carl it is the Compromise between who we really are and what society expects us to be, proposed by Carl Jung
Coping Styles Suggested by Karen Horney were?
Moving towards people - Affiliation and dependence
Moving against people - Aggression and manipulation
Moving away from people - Detachment and Isolation
Other Approaches to Learning personality are
Learning approach
Humanistic approach
Biological approach
Cultural approach
Trait Theorists
Under the Learning approach to personality name all branches
Behaviour perspective
Social - Cognitive perspective
Julian Rotter and Locus of Control
Which perspective under the Learning approach views personality as significantly shaped by the reinforcement and Consequences outside the organism
Behavioural perspective
Who believed that the environment was solely responsible for all behaviour
B.F Skinner
Who presented the social cognitive perspective
Albert Bandura
What is the emphasis of the social cognitive perspective?
It emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality
Bandura in what year proposed the concept of Reciprocal Determinism?
1990
Reciprocal Determinism is?
Is a concept in which cognitive processes, behaviour and context all interact , each factor influencing and being influenced by others simultaneously
Explain the following terms under reciprocal Determinism
Cognitive processes
Behaviour
Contex
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations and personality characteristics
Behaviour refers to anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished
Contex refers to the context in which the behaviour occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding/punishment stimuli
Learning by observing another person behaviour ?
Observational learning
What is self efficacy
This is our level of confidence in our own abilities developed through our social experience
What is Locus of control and founded by who
This refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives, founded
Julian Rotter (1966)
In Rotter view people possess either ____ or ____ locus of control
Internal or external
Explain internal and external locus of control
Internal locus of control tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct results of our efforts
External locus of control tend to believe that our outcomes are outside our control
The process of identifying a goal or set goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback to maximise goal attainment
Self Regulation
Carl Rogers regards Self Concept as ?
These are our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
Carl divided self Into two which are? (Explain both)
The ideal self - the person you would like to be
The real self - the person you actually are
According to Carl Rogers what do we experience when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar.
Congruence
Another name for self regulations is
Will-power
What is Cost Signalling theory
This theory examines the honesty and deception in the signals people send each other
Minnesota study of twins studied how many twins between how many years and what was the observation?
Studied 350 pairs of twins , between 1979 and 1999, studied both identical twins and Fraternal twins reared both together and apart , found that identical twins reared together or apart have very similar personalities
Who led the Minnesota twin study and what year?
Bouchard, 1990
What is heritability?
Refers to the proportion of differences among people that is attributed to genetics 🧬
The two dimensional of our temperaments that are an important part of our adult personality and explain
Reactivity refers to how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli
Self Regulation refers to our ability to control that response
Who found 4500 words in English that could describe people
Gordon Allport
Gordon Allport categorised personality traits into 3 namely
- Cardinal trait is one that dominates your personality hence your life
- Central trait are those that make up our personalities
- Secondary trait
Who narrow the 4500 traits to 171
Raymond cattell
