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Psy 121 > Personality Psychology > Flashcards

Personality Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Associate the different temperaments with the fluids from the body according to Hippocrates

A

Choleric temperament - Yellow bile from the liver.💛
Melancholic temperament - black bile from the kidneys.🖤
Sanguine temperament - red blood from the heart.❤️
Phlegmatic temperament - white phlegm from the lungs 🤍

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2
Q

Who built on Hippocrates theory suggesting that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humor

A

Galen

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3
Q

Wundt divided the four temperaments into two major axes which are

A

Strong emotions / weak emotions

Unchangeable temperaments / Changeable temperament

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4
Q

Where does each temperament fall under the Wundt division of temperament

A

Melancholic - strong emotions and unchangeable temperaments

Phlegmatic - unchangeable temperaments and weak emotions

Choleric - strong emotions and changeable temperaments

Sanguine - Changeable temperament and weak emotions

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5
Q

What was the first comprehensive theory of personality

A

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective

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6
Q

According to the psychodynamic perspective personality was thought to be?

A

Long term , stable and not easily changed

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7
Q

Neo - Freudian theorist reduced the emphasis on sex and focused more on ?

A

Social environment

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8
Q

Phrenology is the?

A

Attempt to associate personality with the shape and size of the head

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9
Q

Phrenology was developed by ?

A

Franz Joseph Gall

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10
Q

Studies of Hysteria was written by ____ and ______ in the year ______

A

Sigmund Freud and Joseph Breuer in 1895

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11
Q

According to Freud what fraction of our mind is Consious

A

One-tenth

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12
Q

Unacceptable urges and desire are kept in our unconscious through a process called ?

A

Repression

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13
Q

an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings is known as ?

A

Freudian Slip

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14
Q

According to Freud the ID operates on what is called the?

A

Pleasure Principle

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15
Q

Which part of our personality acts as our Conscious

A

Superego

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16
Q

The ego operates on what principle

A

The reality principle

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17
Q

List the 8 Defense mechanisms

A

Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation

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18
Q

Explain the following Defense mechanisms
1.) Regression
2.) Repression
3.) Sublimation
4.) Projection

A

Regression: Returning to coping strategies for a less mature stage of development

Repression: Suppressing painful memories and thoughts

Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others

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19
Q

Explain the following Defense mechanisms
1.) Denial
2.) Displacement
3.) Reaction Formation
4.) Rationalization

A

Denial: Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

Displacement: Transferring inappropriate urges behaviors unto a more acceptable or less threatening target

Reaction Formation: Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

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20
Q

What are the stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral (0 - 1)
Anal (1 - 3)
Phallic ( 3 - 6)
Latency ( 6 - puberty)
Genital stage (puberty to death)

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21
Q

Name the Four major Neo - Freudians

A

Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Karen Horney

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22
Q

Who was the first president of Vienna psychoanalytical society

A

Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937)

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23
Q

What school of psychology focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority and who is the founder

A

Individual psychology, founded by Alfred Adler

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24
Q

The concept of inferiority complex was proposed by ?

A

Alfred Adler

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25
Q

What is inferiority complex ?

A

This refers to a persons feeling that they lack worth and don’t measure up to standards of others or of society

26
Q

Adler identified three fundamental social tasks:

A

Occupational tasks (Careers)
Societal tasks (Friendship)
Love tasks

27
Q

Erik Erikson proposed that?

A

An individual personality develops throughout the lifespan

28
Q

List the development tasks and the age range of the eight stages proposed by Erik Erikson

A

0-1 Trust vs. Mistrust
1-3 Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
3-6 Initiative vs. Guilt
7-11 Industry vs. Inferiority
12-18 Identity vs. Confusion
19-29 Intimacy vs. Isolation
30-64 Generativity vs. Stagnation
65-death integrity vs. despair

29
Q

Who is the founder of analytical psychology

A

Carl Jung

30
Q

Jung proposed two attitudes towards Life they are?

A

Extroversion and Introversion

31
Q

What is Collective unconscious

A

This is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns or memory traces, which are common to all of us

32
Q

What was the focus of analytical psychology

A

Working to balance opposing forces of the conscious and unconscious

33
Q

What is the persona and who proposed this concept

A

A persona is a mask in which we all adopt, according to Carl it is the Compromise between who we really are and what society expects us to be, proposed by Carl Jung

34
Q

Coping Styles Suggested by Karen Horney were?

A

Moving towards people - Affiliation and dependence
Moving against people - Aggression and manipulation
Moving away from people - Detachment and Isolation

35
Q

Other Approaches to Learning personality are

A

Learning approach
Humanistic approach
Biological approach
Cultural approach
Trait Theorists

36
Q

Under the Learning approach to personality name all branches

A

Behaviour perspective
Social - Cognitive perspective
Julian Rotter and Locus of Control

37
Q

Which perspective under the Learning approach views personality as significantly shaped by the reinforcement and Consequences outside the organism

A

Behavioural perspective

38
Q

Who believed that the environment was solely responsible for all behaviour

A

B.F Skinner

39
Q

Who presented the social cognitive perspective

A

Albert Bandura

40
Q

What is the emphasis of the social cognitive perspective?

A

It emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality

41
Q

Bandura in what year proposed the concept of Reciprocal Determinism?

A

1990

42
Q

Reciprocal Determinism is?

A

Is a concept in which cognitive processes, behaviour and context all interact , each factor influencing and being influenced by others simultaneously

43
Q

Explain the following terms under reciprocal Determinism
Cognitive processes
Behaviour
Contex

A

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations and personality characteristics

Behaviour refers to anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished

Contex refers to the context in which the behaviour occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding/punishment stimuli

44
Q

Learning by observing another person behaviour ?

A

Observational learning

45
Q

What is self efficacy

A

This is our level of confidence in our own abilities developed through our social experience

46
Q

What is Locus of control and founded by who

A

This refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives, founded
Julian Rotter (1966)

47
Q

In Rotter view people possess either ____ or ____ locus of control

A

Internal or external

48
Q

Explain internal and external locus of control

A

Internal locus of control tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct results of our efforts

External locus of control tend to believe that our outcomes are outside our control

49
Q

The process of identifying a goal or set goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback to maximise goal attainment

A

Self Regulation

50
Q

Carl Rogers regards Self Concept as ?

A

These are our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

51
Q

Carl divided self Into two which are? (Explain both)

A

The ideal self - the person you would like to be

The real self - the person you actually are

52
Q

According to Carl Rogers what do we experience when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar.

A

Congruence

53
Q

Another name for self regulations is

A

Will-power

54
Q

What is Cost Signalling theory

A

This theory examines the honesty and deception in the signals people send each other

55
Q

Minnesota study of twins studied how many twins between how many years and what was the observation?

A

Studied 350 pairs of twins , between 1979 and 1999, studied both identical twins and Fraternal twins reared both together and apart , found that identical twins reared together or apart have very similar personalities

56
Q

Who led the Minnesota twin study and what year?

A

Bouchard, 1990

57
Q

What is heritability?

A

Refers to the proportion of differences among people that is attributed to genetics 🧬

58
Q

The two dimensional of our temperaments that are an important part of our adult personality and explain

A

Reactivity refers to how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli

Self Regulation refers to our ability to control that response

59
Q

Who found 4500 words in English that could describe people

A

Gordon Allport

60
Q

Gordon Allport categorised personality traits into 3 namely

A
  1. Cardinal trait is one that dominates your personality hence your life
  2. Central trait are those that make up our personalities
  3. Secondary trait
61
Q

Who narrow the 4500 traits to 171

A

Raymond cattell

Psy 121 (5 decks)

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