PERSONALITY PSYCH FINAL, FRIDAY NOON

Question 1

Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

psychologist who studied positive human qualities and the lives of exemplary people. He created the hierarchy of needs

Question 2

Self-actualization

Answer 2

a person’s motivation to reach his or her full potential. As shown in Maslow’s hierarchy, a person’s basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved

Question 3

Hierarchy of Needs (Top to Bottom)

Answer 3

Self-actualization
Esteem
Love/Belonging
Safety
Physiological

Question 4

Self-actualization

Answer 4

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts (fulfilling your potential)

Question 5

Esteem

Answer 5

2 kinds. Need for respect from others and need for self-respect (true to your own beliefs)

Question 6

Love/belonging

Answer 6

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Question 7

Safety

Answer 7

Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health and of property (world is predictable and stable)

Question 8

Physiological

Answer 8

Shelter, food, water, oxygen, sleep (must be met before you move up to other needs)

Question 9

D-needs

Answer 9

Must be met before you move up the pyramid. These are essential

Question 10

B-needs

Answer 10

Come after D-needs are met. These are the upper rungs

Question 11

Examples of D-needs

Answer 11

(D for Deficit) the need for safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem, affects us in the same way as the need for physical sustenance like food, water, and sleep.

Question 12

Examples of B-needs

Answer 12

(B for Being) are the high-level needs that we are motivated to fulfill once all of our basic needs are met. They are the peak experiences that give us meaning and purpose. It is what we are able to do with our strengths, how we are able to contribute to others, once our needs have been sufficiently met and we feel more “whole.”

Question 13

Study of self-actualized people

Answer 13

Maslow’s study on people he thought were self-actualized.
They were fulfilling themselves and doing the best that they could.
He used college students, public figures, and friends
Studied people like Abraham Lincoln, Eleanor Roosevelt, and H. Tubman
Studied their personalities, characteristics, habits, and abilities etc.
INFORMAL

Question 14

Traits of self-actualized people

Answer 14

Happier people
Higher self-esteem
Active religious life
No correlation between wealth and happiness
Satisfying relationships

Question 15

Carl Rogers

Answer 15

believed in the self-actualizing principle. believed that a person’s behaviour is a factor motivated by self-actualisation tendencies to work and achieve the highest level of their potential and achievement.

Question 16

Self-actualizing principle

Answer 16

in all of us
in the right conditions, we flourish
people are born good
achieve their potential (best you can be)

Question 17

Development of maladaptive behavior

Answer 17

When someone is subjected to “conditions of worth” etc this can develop, then DISOWN FEELINGS
We are expected to act in accord with the expectations of parents or significant others rather than by our instincts in order to receive acceptance

Question 18

Congruence

Answer 18

what you say matches your behavior
most important of the three according to Rogers
you model the behavior that you want your client to have

Question 19

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 19

Accept the core of who the person is, but don’t accept all behaviors
No judgment
The client has a right to their feelings.
More you love your client, the faster they will improve

Question 20

Accurate Empathetic Understanding

Answer 20

Empathy for your client
Understand and communicate your understanding
Encourage them to get closer to themselves and feel more deeply and intensely (in touch w their feelings so that feelings do not control them)

Question 21

Critique of the person-centered approach

Question 22

Rollo May

Answer 22

existential psychologist
believed we separate love and sex
believed that we should have heroes not celebrities

Question 23

Existentialism- origins and meaning

Answer 23

grew out of WW2
it emphasizes existence rather than the essence (unchanging laws or principles that govern existence)
no truth really exists except what you do
seeks to study the structure of human existence and look at the unity of the person prior to any split into subject or object

Question 24

Powerlessness

Answer 24

leads to anxiety and repression leading to apathy
May believed that the most striking example of an individual’s sense of insignificance and powerlessness is the impotence many of us feel concerning threat of nuclear war and terrorism (heightens these feelings)

Question 25

Anxiety

Answer 25

May’s definition- Anxiety is the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value that the individual holds essential to his or her existence as a person
inevitable as a human
apprehension cued off by a threat to an essential value

Question 26

Loss of Values

Answer 26

we need to discover and affirm a
new set of values in our postmodern world

Question 27

Powerlessness and violence

Answer 27

Impotence leads to anxiety and repression which leads to apathy which leads to violence sometimes and hostility

Question 28

Love and Sex

Answer 28

emotion has been separated from sex as sexual freedom movements arose and the body is used like a machine. sex has been commercialized and pornagraphy has contributed to the separation

Question 29

Love and Sex

Answer 29

emotion has been separated from sex as sexual freedom movements arose and the body is used like a machine. sex has been commercialized and pornography has contributed to the separation

Question 30

Aaron Beck

Answer 30

developed cognitive therapy
directed toward solving current problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking and behavior

Question 31

Basis of cognitive therapy

Answer 31

your thinking (self talk) makes you feel a certain way
thinking causes feelings and behaviors
aims to make the client their own therapist and time limited therapy

Question 32

Common questions used in cognitive therapy

Answer 32

What is the evidence that supports this idea, what evidence is against this idea?
Is there an alternative explanation?
What is the worst that could happen? Could I live through it? What is the best that could happen?
What is the most realistic outcome?

Question 33

Cognitive distortions

Answer 33

Systematic errors in reasoning

Question 34

Albert Ellis: ABC Theory

Answer 34

A part of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
The basic idea behind the ABC model is that “external events (A) do not cause emotions (C), but beliefs (B) and, in particular, irrational beliefs (IB) do
connection between adversity (A), our beliefs (B), and our emotional and behavioural responses (C). ■ Sometimes our beliefs about a situation are not accurate, and our reactions. undermine resilient responses.

Question 35

Common cognitive distortions

Answer 35

Arbitrary Interference- drawing a conclusion w no evidence or even w contradictory evidence

Selective abstraction- conceptualizing a situation on the basis of a detail taken out of context and ignoring all other possible explanations

Overgeneralization- abstracting a general rule from one or two isolated incidents and making it broad

Magnification and minimalization- seeing an event as more significant or less significant than it actually is

Personalization- attributing external events to oneself without evidence of connection

Dichotomous thinking- categorizing situations in extremes

Question 36

Arbitrary interference example

Answer 36

After getting a C over an A on the first test, the student concludes that they will not pass the course

Question 37

Selective abstraction example

Answer 37

Someone who is nervous about getting into an accident will zero in on all of the traffic accidents on the news, reconfirming the belief that driving is dangerous

Question 38

Overgeneralization example

Answer 38

Hearing about a robbery in the city leads one to conclude that everyone is being robbed

Question 39

Magnification/Minimalization example

Answer 39

A high school girl thinks that if she is not asked to the senior prom, her life is over

Question 40

Personalization example

Answer 40

Parents assume that they are to blame every time that their child misbehaves

Question 41

Dichotomous Thinking example

Answer 41

A person sees his or her performance on a task as either a complete success or a total failure

Question 42

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Answer 42

four fundamental and
interrelated processes
– Perception
– Motivation
– Thinking
– Emotion

Question 43

What does REBT theory suggest

Answer 43

how people develop irrational belief systems when a highly charged emotional consequence follows an activating event

Question 44

Beck vs. Ellis

Answer 44

Beck: treat clients as coequals, teach them to be their own therapists, mental disorders are all different, think realistic not positive

Ellis: Abrasive, believes counselor is the master and you teach your client, not coequals, all disorders have same irrational thoughts