Personality Notes CH7-11 Flashcards
1
Q
What are physiological systems?
A
Organ systems within the body, such as the nervous system, cardiac system, and musculoskeletal system
Examples include the brain and nerves for the nervous system, heart and blood vessels for the cardiac system, and muscles and bones for the musculoskeletal system.
2
Q
What is the typical finger length difference between females and males?
A
Females tend to have index fingers longer than their ring fingers, while males tend to have index fingers shorter than their ring fingers.
3
Q
What is a theoretical bridge?
A
The connection between two different variables, such as dimensions of personality and physiological variables.
4
Q
What are electrodes?
A
Sensors placed on the skin linked to a physiological recording machine to measure physiological variables.
5
Q
What is telemetry?
A
The process of sending electrical signals from electrodes to a polygraph using radio waves.
6
Q
What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A
Part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to vital bodily structures and maintains life, consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
7
Q
What is electrodermal activity?
A
Electricity flows across the skin with less resistance if damp with sweat, indicating changes in the sympathetic nervous system.
8
Q
What is skin conductance?
A
The degree to which skin carries electricity, dependent on water content in the skin.
9
Q
What is cardiac reactivity?
A
The increase in blood pressure and heart rate during stress, potentially contributing to coronary artery disease.
10
Q
What characterizes a Type A personality?
A
Achievement motivation, time urgency, hostility, and aggressiveness, associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease.
11
Q
What does neuroscience study?
A
The scientific study of the nervous system.
12
Q
What are the four brain measures used in personality research?
A
- Brain function
- Brain structure
- Brain connections
- Brain electrical activity
13
Q
What are two techniques to measure brain activation?
A
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
14
Q
What is the Human Connectome Project?
A
An ongoing effort to map the wiring diagram of the human brain and understand individual differences.
15
Q
What does the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) control?
A
Overall cortical arousal.
16
Q
What is Eysenck’s theory of arousal level?
A
Extraverts have lower resting cortical arousal than introverts, leading them to seek more stimulation.
17
Q
What is arousability?
A
The reactivity of nervous systems, where introverts are more easily aroused than extraverts.
18
Q
What is reinforcement sensitivity theory?
A
A theory by Gray that models personality based on three biological systems: the behavioral activation system, fight-flight-freeze system, and behavioral inhibition system.
19
Q
What is impulsivity?
A
A personality trait characterized by lowered self-control and acting before thinking.
20
Q
What is anxiety?
A
An unpleasant emotional state associated with perceived threat.
21
Q
What is the behavioral activation system (BAS)?
A
A system responsive to incentives that regulates approach behavior, correlated with extraversion.
22
Q
What is the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS)?
A
A system responsive to aversive stimuli that triggers avoidance-oriented behavior, correlated with fear-proneness.
23
Q
What is the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)?
A
A system responsible for resolving goal conflict, characterized by anxiety and rumination.
24
Q
What are the Big Two personality dimensions?
A
- Learning by punishment
- Learning by reward
25
What is sensation seeking?
The tendency to seek thrilling activities and avoid boredom.
26
What is sensory deprivation?
A condition where sensory input is minimized, often studied in sound-proof chambers.
27
What is comorbidity?
The presence of two or more disorders in one person.
28
What is the optimal level of arousal?
The level of arousal that is 'just right' for any task, as theorized by Hebb.
29
What are the items from the Sensation Seeking Scale?
* Thrill & Adventure Seeking
* Experience Seeking
* Disinhibition
* Boredom susceptibility
30
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses between cells.
31
What is monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
An enzyme that regulates neurotransmitters and may influence sensation seeking.
32
What role does dopamine play in personality?
Associated with pleasure and functions as a 'reward system.'
33
What is the role of serotonin in personality?
Plays a role in mood disorders; drugs can block its reuptake to alleviate depression.
34
What is norepinephrine's role?
Involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight.
35
What is Cloninger's tridimensional personality model?
A theory linking three personality traits to levels of neurotransmitters: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence.
36
What characterizes novelty seeking?
The tendency to seek new and risky experiences, associated with low levels of dopamine.
37
What characterizes harm avoidance?
Sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli, associated with low levels of serotonin.
38
What characterizes reward dependence?
Persistence in actions that produce rewards, associated with low levels of norepinephrine.
39
What is morningness-eveningness?
Stable differences in individuals' preferences for activity at different times of day.
40
What are circadian rhythms?
Biological processes that fluctuate around a 24- to 25-hour cycle.
41
What is free running in circadian rhythm studies?
A condition in which participants are deprived of time cues.
42
What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?
A recording of the brain's electrical activity measured by electrodes on the scalp.
43
What are alpha waves?
Brain waves oscillating 8 to 12 times a second, indicating calm and relaxed states.
44
What is frontal brain asymmetry?
Different activity levels in the left and right frontal hemispheres linked to emotions.
45
What is cortisol?
A stress hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight.
46
What is natural selection?
The process by which variants that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on.
47
What are hostile forces of nature?
Events that impede survival, such as food shortages and diseases.
48
What is sexual selection?
The evolution of traits due to mating benefits rather than survival benefits.
49
What is intrasexual competition?
Competition among the same sex for mating access to the opposite sex.
50
What is intersexual selection?
Members of one sex choose mates based on preferred traits.
51
What are genes?
Packets of DNA inherited from parents, the smallest unit of inheritance.
52
What is differential gene reproduction?
Reproductive success relative to others, influencing gene transmission.
53
What is inclusive fitness theory?
A theory that includes the survival and reproduction of genetic relatives.
54
What is fitness in evolutionary terms?
Reproductive success.
55
What is an adaptive problem?
Anything that impedes survival or reproduction.
56
What does the term 'inclusive' refer to in the context of adaptation?
It refers to characteristics affecting reproduction that need not affect personal offspring production, but can affect survival and reproduction of genetic relatives.
57
Define fitness in evolutionary terms.
Reproductive success.
58
List the key criteria for recognizing the special design of an adaptation.
* Efficiency
* Precision
* Reliability
59
What is xenophobia?
The fear of strangers.
60
What are byproducts of adaptations?
Evolutionary mechanisms that are not adaptations, but rather byproducts of other adaptations.
61
Define evolutionary noise.
Random variations that are neutral with respect to selection.
62
What are the three products of the evolutionary process?
* Adaptations
* Byproducts
* Noise
63
What does 'domain specific' imply in evolutionary psychology?
Adaptations are designed to solve specialized adaptive problems.
64
What is functionality in the context of psychological mechanisms?
The notion that our psychological mechanisms are designed to accomplish particular adaptive goals.
65
Differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning approaches.
* Deductive: Top-down, theory-driven method
* Inductive: Bottom-up, data-driven method
66
What is social anxiety?
Discomfort related to social interactions or the anticipation of social interactions.
67
What are the two primary goals mentioned in the context of human interactions?
* Communion (getting along)
* Agency (getting ahead)
68
Define empathy.
The capacity to understand another person’s experience by imagining oneself in that other person’s situation.
69
What are evolutionary-predicted sex differences?
Predictions that males and females will be the same in domains with similar adaptive problems and different in domains with different adaptive problems.
70
What is effective polygyny?
Variances in reproduction between the sexes, where most females have some offspring, while a few males sire many offspring.
71
Define sexually dimorphic species.
Species that show high variance in reproduction within one sex and tend to be highly different in size and structure.
72
List the four main evolutionary sources of individual differences.
* Universal adaptations contingent on the environment
* Contingencies with other traits
* Frequency-dependent selection
* Variation over time and space in optimum trait value
73
What does reactively heritable mean?
Traits that are secondary consequences of heritable traits.
74
What is the Analytical Rumination Hypothesis?
Depression is triggered by complex social problems related to fitness and survival, and rumination is an adaptive response to these dilemmas.
75
Define frequency-dependent selection.
A process where two or more heritable variants can evolve within a population, maintaining genetic variation.
76
What are the two mating strategies for women according to Gangestad and Simpson?
* Restricted
* Unrestricted
77
What characterizes psychopathy?
Irresponsible behavior, egocentrism, impulsivity, inability to form lasting relationships, and a deficit in social emotions.
78
What is K-strategy in evolutionary psychology?
Greater effort allocated to survival and heavy parenting over obtaining many mates.
79
What is balancing selection?
When genetic variation is maintained by selection because different levels of a personality trait are adaptive in different environments.
80
List the limitations to evolutionary psychology.
* Adaptations forged over long generations
* Limited understanding of evolved psychological adaptations
* Modern conditions differing from ancestral conditions
* Competing evolutionary hypotheses
* Accusations of being untestable
81
What are the three presumptions about adaptations in evolutionary psychology?
* Domain specific
* Numerous
* Functional
82
Describe the two methods of testing evolutionary hypotheses.
* Top-down method using middle-level theories
* Bottom-up method observing phenomena to develop theories
83
What three levels can evolutionary psychological analysis be applied to?
* Human nature
* Sex differences
* Individual differences
84
What is the psyche?
The totality of the human mind, including conscious and unconscious elements.
85
What was Freud’s first solo authored book?
The interpretation of dreams.
86
Define psychic energy according to Freud.
A source of energy that motivates individuals to act.
87
What are instincts according to Freud?
Strong innate forces providing energy in the psychic system, categorized into self-preservation and sexual instincts.
88
What is libido?
The life instinct, encompassing self-preservation and sexual instincts.
89
Define thanatos in Freud's theory.
The fundamental instinct toward destruction, often manifesting as aggression.
90
What are the two major components of Darwin's theory?
* Selection by survival
* Selection by reproduction
91
What does the conscious mind contain?
All thoughts, feelings, and images a person is presently aware of.
92
Define the preconscious mind.
Information not presently aware of but can be easily retrieved.
93
What characterizes the unconscious mind?
That part of the mind of which the conscious mind has no awareness.
94
What is psychic determinism?
The concept that nothing happens by chance; there is a reason behind every act, thought, and feeling.
95
What is blindsight?
A condition where a person loses the ability to see but can still make judgments about objects they cannot consciously see.
96
What is deliberation-without-attention?
The process where the unconscious mind continues to deliberate on a decision when put out of conscious thought.
97
What is the id in Freudian theory?
The most primitive part of the human mind, operating according to the pleasure principle.
98
Define the pleasure principle.
The desire for immediate gratification.
99
What is primary process thinking?
Thinking without logical rules or an anchor in reality, such as in dreams.
100
What is wish fulfillment?
Creating a mental image or fantasy to satisfy an urge when an external object is unavailable.
101
Define the ego.
The part of the mind that constrains the id to reality and operates according to the reality principle.
102
What is the reality principle?
Guiding behavior according to the demands of reality.
103
What is secondary process thinking?
The ego's development of strategies for problem-solving and obtaining satisfaction.
104
What is the superego?
The part of personality that internalizes societal values, morals, and ideals.
105
Define objective anxiety.
Fear in response to a real, external threat.
106
What is neurotic anxiety?
Anxiety arising from a conflict between the id and the ego.
107
What causes moral anxiety?
A conflict between the id or ego and the superego.
108
What are defense mechanisms?
Strategies for coping with anxiety and threats to self-esteem.
109
What is repression?
The process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness.
110
What are the two functions of defense mechanisms?
* Protect the ego
* Minimize anxiety & distress
111
Define denial as a defense mechanism.
Insisting that things are not as they seem in extremely anxiety-provoking situations.
112
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to attribute blame to personal characteristics for others' misfortunes while blaming the situation for oneself.
113
What is displacement in the context of defense mechanisms?
An unconscious mechanism avoiding recognition of inappropriate urges or unacceptable feelings.
114
What is denial in psychological terms?
A defense mechanism that involves avoiding the recognition of unacceptable feelings or urges
## Footnote
Denial can manifest in daydreams and fantasies, making situations seem less daunting.
115
Define fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to attribute blame to personal characteristics in others while blaming the situation for oneself.
116
What is displacement?
An unconscious defense mechanism that redirects inappropriate urges or feelings toward a more acceptable target.
117
What does rationalization refer to?
Generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise be unacceptable to reduce anxiety.
118
Explain reaction formation.
A defense mechanism that expresses unacceptable urges in the opposite manner, often through excessive behavior.
119
What is projection in psychological terms?
Attributing one's own unacceptable qualities or desires to others.
120
Define the false consensus effect.
The tendency to assume that others share one's own traits, preferences, or motivations.
121
What is sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable instincts into socially acceptable activities; considered the most adaptive defense mechanism.
122
What is Freud's psychosexual stage theory?
A theory suggesting that personality develops through a series of stages, each focused on a specific conflict related to sexual gratification.
123
What is fixation according to Freud?
A condition where a child is stuck in a psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflicts, leading to less mature behaviors.
124
What occurs during the oral stage of development?
Pleasure and tension reduction primarily come from the mouth, lips, and tongue in the first 18 months after birth.
125
What characterizes the anal stage?
Occurs between 18 months and 3 years, with pleasure derived from controlling bowel movements.
126
Define the phallic stage.
Occurs between 3 and 5 years, where children discover sexual identity and experience the Oedipal conflict.
127
What is the Oedipal conflict?
A boy's unconscious wish to possess his mother and eliminate his father during the phallic stage.
128
What is castration anxiety?
The fear in boys that their fathers will remove their penis, stemming from the Oedipal conflict.
129
What does identification refer to in development?
The process where children strive to become like their same-sex parent, marking the resolution of Oedipal or Electra conflicts.
130
What is penis envy?
The female counterpart to castration anxiety, occurring during the phallic stage.
131
Define the Electra complex.
The female counterpart to the Oedipal complex, referring to a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother.
132
What is the latency stage?
The fourth stage of psychosexual development, from age 6 until puberty, characterized by a lack of specific sexual conflicts.
133
What occurs in the genital stage?
Begins around age 12, focusing on mature sexual relationships and resolving prior conflicts.
134
What is psychoanalysis?
A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy aimed at restructuring personality.
135
What is free association?
A psychoanalytic technique where patients express thoughts freely to uncover unconscious material.
136
What is dream analysis?
A technique for interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and desires.
137
Differentiate between manifest content and latent content.
Manifest content is what a dream contains; latent content is what the dream elements represent.
138
What is the projective hypothesis?
The idea that perceptions of ambiguous stimuli reflect one's personality.
139
Define insight in psychoanalysis.
The understanding of the unconscious source of one's problems through therapy.
140
What does resistance refer to in therapy?
Obstacles a patient creates when their defenses are threatened, indicating important unconscious material is surfacing.
141
What is transference?
When a patient reacts to the analyst as if they were a significant figure in their life, projecting feelings onto the analyst.
142
Define false memories.
Memories that have been implanted or altered by external suggestions.
143
What is spreading activation?
A model of memory suggesting that elements are stored with associations, leading to false recalls.
144
What is constructive memory?
The concept that memory is not distortion-free and can be influenced by various factors.
145
What is the imagination inflation effect?
When imagined events become confused with actual memories.
146
Define confirmatory bias.
The tendency to seek evidence that supports existing beliefs and ignore disconfirming evidence.
147
What is motivated unconscious?
The idea that repressed information can influence behavior.
148
Define cognitive unconscious.
The view that unconscious thoughts operate like conscious thoughts, not merely repressed urges.
149
What is subliminal perception?
Perception occurring without conscious awareness, often through brief stimuli.
150
What is priming?
A technique that makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness.
151
What is id psychology?
Freud's focus on the id and its instincts of sex and aggression.
152
Define ego psychology.
An approach emphasizing the constructive functions of the ego in personality development.
153
What is an identity crisis?
A period of confusion and anxiety about one's identity, often occurring during adolescence.
154
What are Erikson's eight stages of development?
Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair.
155
Define psychosocial conflicts.
Crises throughout life that contribute to personality development, as posited by Erikson.
156
What is a developmental crisis?
A conflict at each stage of development that must be resolved to progress.
157
What is identity confusion?
A lack of a strong sense of self in values, careers, and relationships.
158
What is a rite of passage?
A cultural ritual that marks the transition into adulthood.
159
Define negative identity.
Identities formed based on undesirable social roles.
160
What is identity foreclosure?
Forming an identity without exploring alternatives, often accepting parental or cultural values unquestioningly.
161
What is moratorium in identity development?
A period of exploration before committing to an identity.
162
What does Horney suggest about social power?
The penis symbolizes social power rather than being a desired organ.
163
Define culture in psychological terms.
Shared standards for behaviors that can differ by gender.
164
What is the fear of success?
The unconscious fear many women have that success will lead to loss of friendships.
165
Define feminine traits.
Traits or roles typically associated with being female in a culture.
166
Define masculine traits.
Traits or roles typically associated with being male in a culture.
167
What are gender differences?
Variations in traits, roles, and behaviors typically associated with being male or female.
168
What is the unconscious fear that many women feel regarding success?
Many women feel that if they succeed, they will lose their friends.
## Footnote
This fear may deter them from pursuing achievement.
169
How do men typically view success in relation to friendships?
Men feel that they will gain friends by being successful.
## Footnote
This belief encourages them to strive for achievement.
170
Define feminine traits.
Traits or roles typically associated with being female in a particular culture.
171
Define masculine traits.
Traits or roles typically associated with being male in a particular culture.
172
What are gender differences?
Differences in culturally ascribed roles and traits associated with being male or female.
173
What is self-serving bias?
The common tendency for people to take credit for success yet to deny responsibility for failure.
174
What is grandiosity?
The feeling that one is special and more important than others.
175
What does striving for superiority mean?
A pattern of behavior intended to make others unhappy and elevate oneself to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
176
What is the narcissistic paradox?
Narcissistic people appear to have high self-esteem but actually have doubts about their self-worth.
177
What characterizes grandiose narcissism?
Dominance, grandiosity, overestimation of one’s capabilities, and aggressiveness.
178
What defines vulnerable narcissism?
A defensive and insecure sense of grandiosity, accompanied by feelings of insecurity and hypersensitivity to criticism.
179
What does object relations theory emphasize?
Early childhood relationships and the internalization of significant others.
180
What does it mean to be internalized in object relations theory?
Creating an unconscious mental representation of significant others, like the mother.
181
What is attachment in childhood development?
The preference for people over objects that narrows to familiar persons and then to primary caregivers.
182
What is separation anxiety?
The agitation and distress experienced by children when separated from their primary caretaker.
183
What is the Strange Situation?
A procedure developed to study separation anxiety and child attachment styles.
184
What describes secure childhood attachment?
Infants who explore the environment and are glad to see their mother upon return.
185
What characterizes avoidant childhood attachment?
Infants who avoid the mother upon her return and seem unfazed by her absence.
186
What defines anxious-ambivalent childhood attachment?
Infants who show anxiety about separation and ambivalence upon the mother's return.
187
What is disorganized childhood attachment?
Characterized by erratic behavior and a combination of anxious, avoidant, and angry responses.
188
What are working models in attachment theory?
Internalized expectations about relationships based on early experiences with parents.
189
What is secure adult attachment style?
Characterized by trust in others and the ability to develop satisfying relationships.
190
What defines avoidant adult attachment style?
Difficulty in trusting others and fear of making commitments.
191
What is ambivalent adult attachment style?
Characterized by vulnerability and high neediness in relationships.
192
What characterizes fearful-avoidant adult attachment?
Desire for closeness but discomfort with it, leading to high anxiety and avoidance.
193
What are motives?
Internal states that arouse and direct behavior toward specific objects or goals.
194
What are viscerogenic needs according to Murray?
Needs related to basic survival, such as air, food, water, and sex.
195
What are psychogenic needs?
Mental or emotional needs.
196
What is the hierarchy of needs?
A unique combination of needs existing at different levels of strength for each individual.
197
What does alpha press refer to?
The real environment or objective reality that interacts with perceived reality.
198
What does beta press refer to?
The perceived environment or subjective reality as interpreted by an individual.
199
What is apperception?
The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving its meaning.
200
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
A projective assessment technique using ambiguous pictures to reveal motives.
201
What are state levels in psychology?
Momentary amounts of a specific need or emotion that can fluctuate.
202
What are trait levels in psychology?
Average tendencies or set points of specific motives or emotions.
203
What is the Multi-Motive Grid?
An assessment tool using pictures and questions to elicit motivational states.
204
What is implicit motivation?
Motives measured through fantasy-based techniques rather than direct self-report measures.
205
What is self-attributed motivation?
A person's conscious awareness of their own motives.
206
What is the need for achievement according to McClelland?
The desire to do better and feel competent.
207
What are the characteristics of people high in need for achievement?
* Prefer activities with some challenge
* Enjoy tasks where they are responsible for the outcome
* Prefer tasks with feedback on performance
208
What is independence training?
Parental behaviors that promote high achievement motivation and autonomy in children.
209
Define the need for power.
A preference for having an impact on other people.
210
What is responsibility training?
Experiences that teach individuals to behave responsibly and moderate impulsive behaviors.
211
What is power stress?
Strong stress responses in individuals with high need for power when their power is challenged.
212
What defines the need for intimacy?
A recurrent preference for warm, close, and communicative interaction with others.
213
List the three primary motives according to McAdams.
* Need for Achievement
* Need for Power
* Need for Intimacy
214
What does the humanistic approach emphasize?
The role of choice and responsibility in creating a meaningful life.
215
What are physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Needs crucial for immediate survival, such as food, water, air, and sleep.
216
What are safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Needs related to shelter and security.
217
What are belongingness needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
The need to belong to groups and be accepted by others.
218
What are esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
The need for recognition from others and self-esteem.
219
What is the self-actualization need according to Maslow?
The need to become everything one is capable of becoming.
220
True or False: Women often fear success due to potential loss of friendships.
True
221
What is the self-actualization need according to Maslow?
Becoming more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming
## Footnote
This need sits at the pinnacle of Maslow’s need hierarchy.
222
What term describes the real or authentic version of the self?
True self
## Footnote
The true self represents the individual’s genuine identity.
223
What is self-transcendence?
Dedicating oneself to a higher goal and/or helping others to self-actualize
## Footnote
Considered the ultimate expression of self-actualization by Abraham Maslow.
224
Define peak experience.
A momentary feeling of extreme wonder, awe, and vision characterized by euphoria and interconnectedness
## Footnote
Contributes to the self-actualization process by providing insight about one’s potential.
225
What characterizes an autotelic personality?
The tendency to enjoy life and do things for their own sake rather than to achieve some later goal
## Footnote
Individuals often seek out flow states.
226
What is a fully functioning person according to Rogers?
Someone on their way toward self-actualization who is open to new experiences and embraces life to its fullest
## Footnote
They are centered in the present and trust themselves.
227
What is positive regard?
The inborn need to be loved and accepted by parents and others
## Footnote
Defined by Rogers.
228
What are conditions of worth?
Requirements set forth by parents or significant others for earning positive regard
## Footnote
Children may focus more on these conditions than on their own happiness.
229
What is conditional positive regard?
Positive regard that must be earned by meeting certain conditions
## Footnote
People may behave in specific ways to earn love and respect.
230
What is unconditional positive regard?
Affection, love, or respect received without having done anything to earn it
## Footnote
Example: A parent’s love for a child should be unconditional.
231
Define positive self-regard.
A sense of self-acceptance developed from receiving positive regard from others
## Footnote
Individuals trust themselves and follow their own interests.
232
What does distortion refer to in Rogers' theory?
A defense mechanism that modifies the meaning of experiences to make them less threatening to the self-image
233
What is emotional intelligence?
An adaptive form of intelligence involving the ability to know and regulate one's own emotions, motivate oneself, and understand others' feelings
## Footnote
Goleman posited it is more predictive of success than traditional intelligence measures.
234
What is client-centred therapy?
An approach where clients are not given interpretations or direction; the therapist creates an atmosphere for self-change
## Footnote
Developed by Carl Rogers.
235
What are the core conditions in client-centred therapy?
1. An atmosphere of genuine acceptance
2. Unconditional positive regard from the therapist
3. Empathic understanding of the client
236
Define empathy in the context of Rogers' therapy.
The capacity to understand another person’s experience by imagining oneself in that person’s situation
237
True or False: Self-transcendence is the ultimate expression of the self in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
True
