Personality Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
People with schizoid personalities may develop stronger attachments to ______ than to ______.
A
animals; people
2
Q
What are personality disorders?
A
Types of abnormal behaviour patterns involving excessively rigid patterns of behaviour or ways of relating to others that ultimately become self-defeating because their rigidity prevents adjustment to external demands
3
Q
All of us have particular personalities. When these behaviour patterns become so ___________ or ___________ that they cause significant personal distress or impair functioning in the social or occupational realms, their behaviour pattern may be diagnosed as a personality disorder
A
inflexible; maladaptive
4
Q
Types of personality disorders: (2)
A
- Ego Syntonic: behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self
- Ego Dystonic: behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity
5
Q
The Three Clusters
A
A) Odd, eccentric behaviour “Mad”
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
B) Dramatic, emotional, impulsive “Bad”
- borderline
- antisocial
- narcissistic
- histrionic
C) Anxious, fearful, avoidant “Sad”
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive-compulsive
6
Q
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A
- Cluster A
- Personality Disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviour (‘mad’)
- type of personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions
7
Q
Many (if not most) Personality Disorders are …
A
PDNOS - not otherwise specified
- can fluctuate in their intensity over time
- highly debilitating disorders; not just somebody choosing to be nasty (w/ possible exception of AsPD)
8
Q
Core features of Cluster A
A
- suspiciousness without due cause
- preoccupations with unfounded concerns over lack of loyalty of friends, spouse, and family
- emotionally closed – reluctant to confide or ‘open up’
- interpretive basis that promotes perception of innocuous content as threatening
- grudging
9
Q
Schizoid Personality Disorder
A
- type of personality disorder characterized by a persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal
- rarely express emotions and are distant and aloof ; but emotions of people with schizoid personalities are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia
10
Q
Core features of schizoid personality disorder
A
- no interest in, or enjoyment of, close relationships
- chronic loner
- no interest in sex
- seldom participates in recreational activities (esp. those that involve other people – teams like hockey, etc.)
- unaffected by praise or criticism
- emotionally cold, detached, flat
11
Q
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A
- type of personality disorder characterized by eccentricities or oddities of thought and behaviour but without clearly psychotic features
- Similar to Sz in many respects but without the profound impairment in reality testing
12
Q
Core features of schizotypal personality disorder
A
- ideas of reference
- odd beliefs/magical thinking (not just superstition)
- odd perceptual experiences
- peculiar thinking and speech
- suspicious/paranoid
- social isolation (other than family)
- persistent social anxiety
13
Q
Cluster B
A
- personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour (‘Bad’)
14
Q
Antisocial Personality Disorder (and Psychopathy)
A
Type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behaviour and lack of remorse
15
Q
Core features of AsPD
A
- failure to conform to social and legal norms
- lying/conning
- impulsivity and short-sightedness in planning
- irritability/aggressiveness; fighting (physical and verbal)
- irresponsibility
- lack of remorse
- must be 18 and have shown signs of Conduct Disorder before 15 years of age
16
Q
Psychopathy
A
- not a separate DSM Personality Disorder
- an extreme case of AsPD
- type of personality pattern characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation-seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combines with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and normadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness
17
Q
Not all criminals show signs of ___________
A
psychopathy
– not all AsPD patients are psychopaths either!
18
Q
Some controversy around the notion of a successful psychopath
A
- must distinguish between Factor I and Factor II PCL-R features
- appreciate that one can have strong (Factor I) features without being a psychopath
- may be nominally law-abiding and successful in their chosen occupations, but still show callous disregard for the interests and feelings of others
19
Q
T or F. Researchers find no evidence of ethnic or racial differences in the rates of the disorder
A
T
20
Q
There are several psychophysiological and biological factors that are related to antisocial personality and psychopathy:
A
- lack of emotional responsiveness
- the craving-for-stimulation model
- lack of restraint on impulsivity
- limbic abnormalities
21
Q
Borderline Personality Disorder
A
Primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses
22
Q
People with this disorder tend to be uncertain about their values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps even sexual orientations
A
Borderline Personality Disorder
23
Q
Three dialectal dilemmas
A
Linehan about BPD
- emotional vulnerability vs self-invalidation
- active passivity vs apparent competence
- unrelenting crisis vs inhibited grieving
24
Q
Core features of BPD
A
- works frantically to avoid abandonment
- intense and unstable relationships (view of others fluctuates b/w extremes)
- unstable self-image/self-concept
- marked impulsivity
- recurrent parasuicidal/self-harming behaviour/ threats
- affective instability
- feeling constantly empty
- intense, frequent unwarranted, anger and difficulty controlling it
- may show dissociative or paranoid symptoms
25
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the centre of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others. Such persons often appear overly dramatic and emotional in their behaviour
26
This can be confused with BPD
Histrionic
27
The main difference between BPD and histrionic
in histrionic, they don't suck people in and burn them out
28
The person with this type of personality disorder will have problems in events like birthday parties, weddings, etc. because it's not about them. They will refuse to go or even undermine the occasion!
Histrionic
29
Core features of Histrionic
- resents attention being directed to others
- often seductive or provocative
- emotionally shallow/variable
- uses physical appearance (mode of dress too) to attract attention
- rehearsed way of speaking with limited substance
- dramatic, theatrical, etc.
- highly suggestible
- considers self to be 'close friends' with mere acquaintances
30
Narcissistic personality disorder
Type of personality disorder characterized by the adoption of an inflate self-image and demands for constant attention and admiration, among other features
31
BPD vs. narcissistic
systonic vs. dystonic
```
systonic = natural part of them ; BPD - they think people are being jerks!
dystonic = thought not your own; alien taking over!
```
32
Primary vs Secondary/Compensatory Narcissists
Primary - Genuinely believes they are the greatest person ever and do not get flustered when others criticize them
Secondary - Deep seeded insecurity that they are trying to compensate for
**difficult to differentiate other than reaction to an insult
33
Core features of narcissistic personality disorder
- inflated sense of self-worth/importance
- fantasizes about great power, wealth, desirability, success, etc.
- feels special, entitled, above others
- demands admiration
- exploitative of others
- insensitive to the needs and feelings of others
- arrogant, haughty
- envious of others and resentful of their achievements, but may also think others envy them
34
Cluster C
Personality Disorders Characterized by Anxious or Fearful behavior ('Sad')
35
Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Cluster C
| - Type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection
36
Core features of Avoidant Personality Disorder
- looks like schizoid PD, but the person craves relationships (hindered by fear of rejection or inadequacy)
- avoid activities (including jobs) that require social contact
- reluctant to take chances socially; deep sense of inadequacy
- 'uptight' (inhibited), even in established relationships
- chronically fearful of criticism
- sees self as socially inept or inferior
- mortified by the prospect of embarrassment
37
Type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behaviour
Dependent Personality Disorder
38
Core features of Dependent Personality Disorder
- can't make decisions for themselves without seeking advice/reassurance
- wants others to be responsible for them
- avoids expressing dissent (disagreement)
- lacks confidence in planning and initiating projects and activities
- craves nurturance and support
- feels vulnerable when alone
- quickly finds a new relationship when another one ends
- pre-occupied by fears of being alone
39
Personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
40
Core features of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- highly concerned with rules, details, etc. (interferes with completion of tasks)
- cannot complete task for fear that work is imperfect
- neglects leisure and personal life to spend more time on work
- inflexibly conscientious, moral, ethical
- prone to hoarding as they hate to throw things out
- doesn't delegate well
- miserly
- stubborn and rigid with others
- sometimes referred to as "anal retentive"
41
Problems with Classification
- undetermined reliability and validity
- problems distinguishing from other types of disorders
- overlap among disorders
- difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behaviour
- sexist biases
42
Proposed changes in DSM addresses...
- reduction in diagnostic overlap
- less arbitrary diagnostic threshold
- movement from a categorical to dimensional conceptualization
- recognition that symptom severity can fluctuate over time
- movement to a dimensional (trait model)
A.
1. identity
2. self-direction
3. empathy
4. intimacy
B. ...
43
Probably 6 PDs will survive ...
- antisocial/psychopathic
- avoidant
- borderline
- narcissistic
- OCPD
- schizotypal
