Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

239 - final > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How does DSM-5 define a personality trait?

A

enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social + personal contexts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does dsm-5 define a personality disorder?

A
  • enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture,
  • pervasive + inflexible
  • onset in adolescence or early adulthood
  • stable over time + leads to distress/impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

four general characteristics of a personality disorder

A

traits are:

  • pervasive
  • maladaptive
  • inflexible,
  • cause distress/impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can personality be a disorder?

A

the way ppl perceive + interact with things is not always healthy.
- interacting with world can get in the way of how one functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

personality + disorders : recognize what?

A

recognize that most of us have traits + behaviours that are indicative of a disorder, but that doesnt imply you have one.
- when have too many traits that interfere with life then it becomes a disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does pervasive mean?

A
  • occur in wide range of social + personal contexts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when do personality disorders begin? most important about course?

A

early adolescence/adulthood.

course: endures – key.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is egosyntonic?

A

the way a person thinks is not an issue, it is consistent with themselves and not distressing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is egodystonic?

A

ways of thinking and behaving are in conflict with my sense of self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

issues and implications with egosyntonic disorder?

A
  • harder to treat if person doesnt think it’s an issue.

- lack insight into their pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two models to classify personality disorders according to DSM-5?

A

categorical model: traditional. 10 disorders, each fundamentally different - discrete, separate syndromes

dimensional: proposed. 6/10 disorders are extreme versions of a set of dimensions/aspects of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dimensional model: what 5 personality domains can be thought of as spectrum?

A
  1. negative affectivity vs emotional stability
  2. detachment vs extraversion
  3. antagonism vs agreeableness
  4. disinhibition vs conscientiousness
  5. psychoticism vs lucidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is negative affectivity ?

A

frequent, intense experiences of high levels.

- negative emotions + behavioural manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is detachment?

A

meaningful avoidance of anything that’s socio-emotional.

- withdraw from interpersonal intxn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is antagonism?

A

behaviour that puts someone at odds with other individuals. exaggerated sense of self importance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

orientation towards immediate gratification, impulsive behaviour, driven by current thoughts, feelings, enviro stimuli.
- disregard for past learning + potential consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pyschoticism?

A

wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, unusual behaviours/cognitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

overlap in traits + in disorders

A

lots of overlap of traits in diff disorders.

- can be hard to distinguish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

difference between categorical and dimensional diagnoses?

A

categorical: need X traits by X age. potentially restrictive. but parsimonious
dimensional: more sliding scale. less parsimonious, less restrictive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

statistics of personality disorders?

A

10-20% of popln

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stats of co-morbidity of personality disorders?

A

50% of those with pd have another psychiatric disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how many personality disorders are there?

- how many clusters?

A

10 disorders

3 clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 clusters of PD?

A

A - Mad: odd, eccentric

B - Bad: dramatic, emotional

C- Sad: anxious, fearful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the characteristics of Cluster A PD?

A
  • mad, odd, eccentris

- verge on psychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Heritability of Cluster A?

A

familial genetic association.

- if 1st order relative has, another relative is likely to have it too.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the Cluster A PDs?

A
  • paranoid
  • schizoid
  • schizotypal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

potential characteristics of Paranoid PD?

A
  • # 1 DISTRUCT + SUSPICIOUS
  • suspect that others are exploiting/harming them
  • pre-occupied with doubt about loyalty
  • reluctant to confide bc of fear
  • reads in threatening messages
  • bears grudges
  • perceives attacks on character
  • suspicious of fidelity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

prevalence of paranoid pd?

A

2-4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

etiology of PD?

A

psych factors

- negative view of world + others motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

core belief of Paranoid PD?

A

I’m vulnerable, others are malicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

treatment of PD?

A
  • rarely seek, limited evidence about effectiveness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

single characteristic of Schizoid PD?

A

pervasive detachment and restricted range of emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Prevlance of schizoid PD

A

3-5%

more M than F; 2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

potential characteristics of Schizoid PD?

A
  • neither desires/enjoys close relationships
  • chooses solitary activities
  • little/no interest in sexual experiences
  • pleasure in few activities
  • lacks close friends
  • appears indifferent
  • emotional coldness, detachment, flat affect
  • prefer to be by themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

etiology of schizoid PD?

A

psych factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

core beliefs of Schizoid PD?

A

I’m DEFECTIVE, others HAVE NOTHING TO OFFER ME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

defenses to core beliefs of Schizoid PD?

A

fantasy, isolation of affect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

treatment of schizoid PD?

A

unlikely, unlikely that they’ll want to talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Main symptom of Schizotypal PD?

A
  • pervasive interpersonal deficits, cognitive + perceptual distortions
40
Q

prevalence of Schizotypal PD?

A

3-4%

41
Q

potential characteristics of Schizotypal?

A
  • ideas of reference (think ppl talking to them)
  • odd beliefs/magical thinking inconsistent with subcultural norms. superstitions.
  • unusual perceptual experiences (illusions)
  • odd thinking + speach
  • suspicious, paranoid ideation
  • inappropriate/constricted affect
  • odd, eccentric, peculiar behaviour
  • lack of close friends of confidants
    excessive social anxiety
  • excessive social anxiety
  • bizarre, eccentric
42
Q

what are illusions?

A

stimuli present, but misinterpreting it.

43
Q

compare schizotypal + schizoid

A

similar, but schizotypal is more pathological.

44
Q

what is etiology of schizotypal PD?

A
  • some say flu during pregnancy

- genetic factors

45
Q

clear genetic association between schizotypal and what other disorder?

A

psychotic disorder

46
Q

schizotypal is common when other family members have?

A

schizophrenia.

  • suggests that the two are on a continuum not in separate categories.
  • schizotypal may be phenotype of schizophrenic genotype.
47
Q

general characteristics of Cluster B?

A

“Bad”, dramatic, emotional

48
Q

cluster b and genetic associations?

A

familial genetic association with MOOD DISORDERS

- pathologically reactive, manipulative.

49
Q

what are the Cluster B PDs?

A
  • antisocial
  • psychopathy
  • borderline PD
  • histrionic pd
  • narcissistic pd
50
Q

main characteristic of anitsocial PD?

A

pervasive DISREGARD and VIOLATIONS of the rights

51
Q

prevalence of antisocial PD?

A

0.2-3%. more M&raquo_space;F

52
Q

potential characteristics of antisocial pd

A
  • failure to conform to social norms
  • deceitfulness
  • impulsivity/failure to plan ahead
  • irritability and aggressiveness
  • reckless disregard for safety of self+ others
  • consistent irresponsibility
  • lack of remorse
  • not all are criminals, but many are good business ppl.
53
Q

diagnosis of antisocial PD?

A
  • conduct disorder diagnosed before 15, then antisocial after 18.
  • the two are reltaed.
  • life course persistent model
54
Q

etiology of Antisocial PD?

A

genetic: 55% concordance with MZ twins
genetic/enviro interaction : strong genetic + poor parents (due to likelihood of having aPD = bad environment has impact)
psych factors: believe others think like them, best defence is great offence

55
Q

core belief of antisocial PD?

A

I’m vulnerable, others will exploit me

56
Q

specified “with psychopathic features” means?

A
  • low anxiety + low negative affectivity
  • low withdrawal + high attention seeking
  • not prone to stress; under-aroused, search for homeostasis
57
Q

psychopathy as DSM diagnosis?

A
  • is not.
    psychopathy + sociopathy is the same.
    but concordance btw psychopathy and Antisocial is high.
  • don’t need conduct disorder for psychopathy, but do in antisocial.
58
Q

most important piece of info when making diagnosis?

A

life history.

59
Q

empathy + violence

A

Q: can empathy be taught
violence: most likely violent at age 2. if persists into 3-4 yoa = probably more violent for life.

60
Q

conduct disorder - diagnosis + persistence

A

diagnosed earlier = persists later into life

if diagnosed later = more likely to desist. pro-social job can help “treat”

61
Q

2 psychopathy assessment toold to know about?

A
  • Cleckley Criteria : 16 characterisitc (charm, absence of delusions, absent nervousness, truthfulness)
  • PCL-R/ Revised Psychopathy Checklist: high scores = less likely to benefit from treatment + more likely to reoffend
62
Q

3 theories of psychopathy/antisocial PD

A
  1. cortical immaturity hypothesis: underdeveloped cerebreal cortex = childlike, impulsive behaviour

underarousal hypothesis: risk taking behaviour boosts cortical arousal to NORMAL levels

fearlessness hypothesis: abnormally high fear threshold

63
Q

treatment for Psychopathy?

A

stimulants

  • easily abused
  • compliance is weak
64
Q

main characteristic of Borderline PD?

A

pervasive unstable relationships + affect, with marked impulsivity.

65
Q

prevalence of Borderline PD?

A

1-2%, 50-75% are female.

- ost M diagnosed are domestic abusers.

66
Q

potential characteristics of Borderline PD?

A
  • frantic efforts to avoid real/imagined abandonment
  • unstable/intense interpersonal relationships
  • identity disturbance: unstable self-image/sense of self
  • impulsive + self-damaging
  • recurrent suicidal behaviour
  • affective instability due to marked reactivity of mood
  • emptiness
  • inappropriate/intense anger
  • stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
67
Q

etiology of borderline pd?

A
  • Biosocial: highly sensitive + invalidating enviro = borderline
  • psychological
68
Q

why called borderline?

A

bc borderline btw neurosis + psychosis.

69
Q

core beliefs of Borderline PD?

A

i’m undesirable, others will abandon me.

– self-fulfilling

70
Q

treatment for borderline PD?

A

dialectical-behavioural therapy

71
Q

what is dialectical-behavioural therapy

A 
modified form of CBT
emphasizes:
- individual + group skills
- safety
- validation + acceptance
- problem-focused
- emotion regulation
- distress tolerance
- mindfulness
72
Q

what does dialectic mean?

A

see word in spectrum as opposed to opposites

73
Q

dbt is good for?

A

decreasing inappropriate anger, self-harm

improves functioning

74
Q

what are main characteristics of histrionic pd?

A
  • pervasice excessive emotionality +attention seeking
75
Q

prevalence of histrionic PD?

A

2-3%

more F >M

76
Q

potential characteristics of histrionic?

A
  • uncomfy when NOT Centre of attention
  • inappropriately sexual/provocative
  • shifting/shallow expression of emotions
  • use appearance to draw attention to self
  • impressionistic speech, lacks detail.
  • self-dramatization, exaggerated emotion
  • suggestible
  • considers relations more intimate than they are.
77
Q

gender bias in diagnosis

A
  • some criteria fit in traditional gender roles. make diagnosis more for one gender then.
  • may be systematically different tho; more F just have this criteria than M.

ie. more males are antisocial PD. more females are histrionic PD.

78
Q

assessment of gender bias

A

bias form the evaluators interpretation of the criteria + application of criteria.
- will assign differently if patient is M or F.

79
Q

what is main characteristic for Narcissistic PD?

A

need for ADMIRATION , lack of EMPATHY.

80
Q

prevalence of narcissistic PD

A

1-6%

50-75% are M

81
Q

potential characteristics of Narcissistic PD?

A
  • grandiose sense of self-importance
  • pre-occupied with fantasies
  • believes that they are special
  • requires excessive admiration
  • sense of entitlement
  • interpersonally exploitative
  • lacks empathy
  • often envious
  • arrogant
  • inflated sense of self; demand entitlement, fragile ego underneath
82
Q

what is cluster C?

A

sad, anxious, fearful

83
Q

cluster C is genetically associated with ?

A

anxiety disorders

84
Q

main characteristics of avoidant PD

A

pervasive inadequacy and hypersensitivity

85
Q

prevalence of avoidant PD?

A

2-3%

86
Q

potential characteristics of Avoidant PD?

A
  • avoid interpersonal contact
  • unwilling to get involved with ppl bc fear
  • restraint in intimate relationships
  • preoccupied with rejection
  • inhibited in new interpersonal situations
  • views self as socially inept
  • reluctant to take personal risks
  • hypersensitive: leads them to withdraw. inferiority complex.
87
Q

diff btw avoidant PD + schizotypal PD in avoiding ppl

A

S: doesnt want to be around ppl, “likes” to be alone

A: likes ppl, too scared of being rejected to engage with them

88
Q

what are main characteristics of Dependent PD?

A

pervasive + excessive need to be taken care of + clingy behaviour

89
Q

prevalence of Dependent PD

A

0.5-0.6%

90
Q

potential characteristics of Dependent PD?

A
  • difficulty making decisions
  • need others to take responsibility
  • difficulty expressing disagreement with others.
  • difficulty initiating projects/doing things on their own. (bc of lack of self-confidence)
  • excessive lengths to BE nurtured/supported by others.
  • uncomfy/helpless when alone because of fear of being unable to care for self.
  • seeks another relationships as source of care + support
  • unrealistically pre-occupied with fear of taking care of self
91
Q

how are avoidant PD and dependent PD different?

A

avoid: fear of being rejected/disliked so shy away from ppl
dependent: difficulty being on their own. really want to be with people, lack of self-confidence.

92
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive PD characterized by?

A

pervasive preoccupation with orderliness + Control at expense of flexibility + timeliness

93
Q

how is OCPD diff from OCD?

A

OCPD is egosyntonic. preoccupation is desirable, reasonable

OCD: egodystonic, dont like state. aware that it’s compulsive + unreasonable but terrified to not do actions.

94
Q

prevalence of OCPD

A

2-8%

more M>F

95
Q

potential characteristics of OCPD?

A
  • pre-occupied with details, rules, lists, organization to the extent that point of activity is lost
  • perfectionism interferes with task completion
  • excessively devoted to work/productivity = exclusion of leisure activities + friendships
  • overconscientious, scrupulous, inflexible.
  • unable to discard worn-out, worthless objects
  • reluctant to delegate tasks
  • adopt miserly spending style.
  • rigid + stubborn
  • uptight, perfectionist, workaholic, inflexible.

239 - final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions