Personality Development & Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Freud’s Development Therory
A
- Believed that basic character was formed by 5 years of age.
- The structure of the personality organized three major components:
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
2
Q
What are Freud’s stage of personality development?
A
- Oral stage (birth to 18 months)
- Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
- Latency stage (6 to 12 years)
- Genital stage (13 to 20 years)
3
Q
What was Sullivan’s theory on development of personality.
A
- Based on the belief that individual behavior and personality development are the direct result of interpersonal relationships
- Major concepts of this theory include:
- Anxiety
- Satisfaction of needs
- Interpersonal security
- Self-system
4
Q
What are Sullivan’s stages of development?
A
- Infancy (birth to 18 months)
- Childhood (18 months to 6 years)
- Juvenile (6 to 9 years)
- Preadolescence (9 to 12 years)
- Early adolescence (12 to 14 years)
- Late adolescence (14 to 21 years)
5
Q
Infancy (Sullivan) Major Developmental Tasks?
A
Relief from anxiety through oral gratification of needs
Age: Birth - 18 months
- mouth
- crying
- nursing
- thumb sucking
6
Q
What are the Childhood Stage (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
A
- Age: 18 mo. -6 years
- Learning to experience a delay in personal gratification without undue anxiety
- delayed gratification often results in parental approval, a more lasting type of reward.
-
Tools of this stage include:
- the mouth,
- the anus,
- language,
- experimentation,
- manipulation,
- and identification.
7
Q
Juvenile: 6 to 9 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
A
Learning to form satisfactory peer relationships. Achieved through use of:
- competition,
- coop- eration,
- and compromise.
8
Q
Preadolescence: 9 to 12 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
A
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of same gender; initiating feelings of affection for another person
9
Q
Early Adolescence: 12 to 14 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
A
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of the opposite gender; developing a sense of identity
- emergence of lust in response to biological changes as a major force occurring during this period.
10
Q
Late Adolescence: 14 to 21 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
A
- Establishing self-identity;
- experiencing satisfying relationships;
- working to develop a lasting, intimate opposite-gender relationship
- genital organs are the major developmental focus of this stage.
11
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
A
- Based on the influence of social processes on the development of the personality
- Erikson identified eight stages of development and the major tasks associated with each.
- Trust versus mistrust (birth to 18 months)
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years)
- Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)
- Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)
- Identity versus role confusion (12 to 20 years)
- Intimacy versus isolation (20 to 30 years)
- Generativity versus stagnation (30 to 65 years)
- Ego integrity versus despair (65 years to death)
12
Q
Trust versus Mistrust: Birth to 18 Months
Major Developmental Task
A
major task is to develop a basic trust in the mothering figure and learn to generalize it to others.
- Achievement of task = when basic needs are met consistently → self-confidence, optimism, faith in the gratification of needs and desires, and hope for the future.
- Nonachievement =
- emotional dissatisfaction with the self and others,
- suspiciousness, and
- difficulty with interpersonal relationships.
- primary caregivers fail to respond to the infant’s distress signal promptly and consistently.
13
Q
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt: 18 Months to 3 Years (Erikson)
Major Developmental Tasks
A
gain some self-control and independence within the environment.
-
Achievement → Autonomy is achieved when parents encourge and provide opportunities for independent activities.
- sense of self- control and the ability to delay gratification, and a
- feeling of self-confidence in one’s ability to perform.
-
Nonachievement = task unresolved when primary caregivers restrict independent behaviors, both physically and verbally, or set the child up for failure with unrealistic expectations. Results in:
- lack of self-confidence,
- lack of pride in the ability to perform
- sense of being controlled by others
- rage against the self.
14
Q
Mahler: Object Relations Theory is based on ____?
A
- Based on the separation-individuation process of the infant from the maternal figure (primary caregiver)
15
Q
What are Mahler: Object Relations stages of development?
A
- Phase I: Autism (birth to 1 month)
- Phase II: Symbiosis (1 to 5 months)
- Phase III: Separation-Individuation (5 to 36 months)
16
Q
What are the Mahler Stage III subphases?
A
- Differentiation ( 5 to 10 months)
- Practicing (10 to 16 months)
- Rapprochement (16 to 24 months)
- Consolidation (24 to 36 months)
17
Q
What’s Paget: Cognitive Development theory based on?
A
- Based on the premise that human intelligence is an extension of biological adaptation or one’s ability for psychological adaptation to the environment
18
Q
Paget: Cognitivite Development Theory
Stages of Development?
A
- Piaget identified four stages of development that are related to age, demonstrating at each successive stage a higher level of logical organization than at the previous stage:
- Sensorimotor ( birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 6 years)
- Concrete operations ( 6 to 12 years)
- Formal operations (12 to 15+ years)
19
Q
What is Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory?
A
Stages of moral development are not closely tied to specific age groups; they are more accurately determined by the individual’s motivation behind the behavior.
20
Q
What are Kohlberg’s 3 major levels of moral development?
A
- Preconventional level (4 to 10 years)
- Conventional level (10 to 13 years and into
adulthood) - Postconventional level (from adolescence
on)
21
Q
What is Peplau’s: Nursing Model of Interpersonal Development?
A
- Applies interpersonal theory to nurse-client relationship development
- Correlates the stages of personality development in childhood to stages through which clients advance during the progression of an illness
- Views interpersonal experiences as learning situations for nurses to facilitate forward movement in the development of personality
22
Q
Peplau’s 7 nursing roles
A
- Nurses function to assist individuals in need of health services
- Stranger
- Resource person
- Counselor
- Teacher
- Leader
- Technical expert
- Surrogate
23
Q
Four Stages of Personality Development
A
- Stage 1: Learning to count on others
- Stage 2: Learning to delay gratification
- Stage 3: Identifying oneself
- Stage 4: Developing skills in participation
24
Q
Personality, defined:
A
- The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics that are particular to a specific person and that remain somewhat stable and predictable over time.
25
Personality traits are ***enduring patterns*** of\_\_\_\_\_?
* Perceiving
* Relating to
* Thinking about environment and oneself.
26
Personality disorders occur when personality traits become\_\_\_\_?
* Inflexible
* Maladaptive
* The cause of significant
functional impairment or
subjective distress
27
Personality development occurs in response to a number of biological and psychological influences which include\_\_\_?
* Heredity
* Temperament
* Experiential learning
* Social interaction
28
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as ***odd*** or ***eccentric***
* Paranoid personality disorder
* Schizoid personality disorder
* Schizotypal personality disorder
* Ghost
29
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as ***dramatic, emotional,*** or ***erratic***
* **Antisocial personality disorder**
* **Pulp Fiction**
* **Borderline personality disorder**
* **Fatal Attraction**
* **Histrionic personality disorder**
* **Narcissistic personality disorder**
* **Gone With the Wind**
30
Cluster C Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as ***anxious*** or ***fearful***
* Avoidant personality disorder
* Breakfast Club
* Dependent personality disorder
* Obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder
31
Paranoid personality disorder definition:
A pervasive **distrust and suspiciousness** of others such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent; condition begins by **early
adulthood** and presents
in a variety of contexts
32
Paranoid clinical picture
* Constantly on guard
* Hypervigilant
* Ready for any real or
imagined threat
* Trusts no one
* Constantly tests the
honesty of others
33
Paranoid predisoposing factors
* Possible hereditary link
* Subject to early parental
* *antagonism** and **harassment**
34
Schizoid Personality Disorder ***Definition***
* Characterized primarily by a profound **defect in the ability to form personal relationships.**
* Failure to respond to others in a meaningful **emotional** way.
35
Schizoid Clinical Picture
* **Indifferent** to others.
* Client is **aloof**.
* Client is emotionally **cold**.
* No close friends; prefer to be alone.
* In the presence of others, clients appear **shy, anxious, or uneasy.**
* I**nappropriately serious** about everything
and have difficulty acting in a light-hearted
manner.
36
Schizoid predisposing factors
* Possible hereditary factor
* Childhood has been characterized as
* **Bleak**
* **Cold**
* **Unempathic**
* **Notably lacking in nurturing**
37
Schizotypal definition
* A graver form of the pathologically less severe schizoid personality pattern
* Affects about 3 percent
of the population.
38
Schizotypal Clinical Picture
* Clients are **aloof** and **isolated**.
* Behave in a **bland** and **apathetic** manner.
* Everyday world manifests
* **Magical thinking**
* **Ideas of reference**
* **Delusions**
* **Depersonalization**
* **Superstitiousness**
* **Withdrawal into the self**
* Exhibit **bizarre speech pattern.**
* When under stress, may decompensate and demonstrate psychotic symptoms.
* Demonstrates **bland, inappropriate affect.**
39
Psychizotypal Predisposing factors
* Possible hereditary factor
* Possible physiological influence, such as **anatomic deficits or neurochemical** dysfunctions within certain areas of the brain
* Early family dynamics *characterized* by:
* **Indifference**
* **Impassivity**
* **Formality**
* **Pattern of discomfort
with personal affection
and closeness**
40
Antisocial - definition
* A *pattern* of
* **Socially irresponsible**
* **Exploitative**
* **Guiltless behavior**
* that reflects a disregard for the rights of others.
* Prevalence estimates in the United States from 3% in men to about 1% in women
41
Antisocial Clinical Picture
* Fails to sustain consistent employment.
* Fails to conform to the law
* Exploits and manipulates others for
personal gain.
* Fails to develop stable
relationships
42
Borderline - definition
* Characterized by a pattern
of i**ntense and chaotic
relationships with affective
instability.**
* Clients have **fluctuating**
and **extreme** attitudes
regarding other people.
* Clients are **highly impulsive.**
* _***Most common form of
personality disorder***_
* Emotionally unstable
* Directly and indirectly
self-destructive
* Lacks a clear sense of
identity
43
Histrionic personality disorder - definition
* Excitable
* Emotional
* Colorful
* Dramatic
* Extroverted in behavior.
* Prevalence is thought to be about **2% to 3%**.
* More common in **women** than in men.
44
Histrionic Clinical Picture
* Affected clients are
* Self-dramatizing
* Attention-seeking
* Overly gregarious
* Seductive
* Manipulative
* Exhibitionistic
* Individuals with histrionic personalities
* Are highly distractible
* Have difficulty paying attention to detail
* Are easily influenced by others
* Have difficulty forming
close relationships
* Strong need for approval; feel
dejected and anxious if they
don’t get it
45
Histrionic predisoposing factors
* Possible link to the **noradrenergic**
and **serotonergic** systems
* Possible hereditary factor
* **Biogenetically** determined
temperament
* **Learned** behavior patterns
46
Narcissistic - definition
* Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-worth.
* Lack empathy.
* Believe they have the inalienable
right to receive special consideration.
* Prevalence from **2% to 16% hospitalized**
* Less than 1% in the general population
* Disorder **more common in men** than
in women.
47
Narcissistic - Clinical Picture
* Mood can easily change because of fragile self-esteem if they do not
* Meet self-expectations.
* Receive positive feedback they
expect from others.
* Criticism from others may
cause them to respond with
rage, shame, and humiliation.
48
Narcissistic - Predisposing Factors
* As children, these people have had their fears, failures, or dependency needs responded to
with **criticism, disdain, or neglect.**
* Parents were often narcissistic
themselves.
* Parents may have **overindulged
their child and failed to set
limits on inappropriate behavior.**
49
Avoidant - Definition
* Characterized by:
* **Extreme sensitivity to rejection**
* **Social withdrawal**
* Prevalence is between 0.5%
and 1% and is equally common
in both men and women.
50
Avoidant Personality Disorder - Clinical Picture
* **Awkward** and **uncomfortable** in social situations.
* Desire close relationships but avoid them because of their fear of being rejected.
* Perceived as **timid, withdrawn,
or cold and strange.**
* They are often lonely and feel
unwanted.
* They view others as **critical and betraying.**
51
Avoidant Personality Disorder - Predisposing Factors
* Possible hereditary influences
* Parental **rejection** and
* *criticism**
52
Dependent Personality Disorder - Definition
* Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to **submissive and clinging behavior and fears of
separation.**
* Relatively common within the population.
* More common among **women** than men.
* More common in the **youngest children**
of a family than in the oldest ones.
53
Dependent Personality Disorder - Clinical Picture
* They have a notable *lack of* ***self-confidence*** that is often apparent in their:
* Posture, Voice, and Mannerisms
* Typically passive and acquiescent to desires of others.
* **Overly generous and thoughtful**, while underplaying their own attractiveness and achievements.
* Low self-worth and easily hurt by criticism and disapproval.
* Assume **passive** and **submissive** roles in relationships.
* Avoid positions of responsibility and
become anxious when forced into
them.
54
Dependent Personality Disorder - Predisposing Factors
* Possible hereditary influence.
* Stimulation and nurturance are experienced exclusively from one source.
* A singular attachment is made by the infant to
the exclusion of all others.
55
OCD - definition
* Relatively common and occurs more often in men than in women.
* Within the family constellation,
it appears to be most common
in the oldest children.
56
OCD - clinical picture
* Especially concerned with matters of organization and efficiency.
* Tend to be rigid and unbending.
* Clients are polite and formal.
* Clients are rank-conscious
(ingratiating with authority
figures).
* Appear to be very calm and controlled.
* Underneath there is a great deal of:
* Ambivalence
* Conflict
* Hostility
