Personality Development & Disorders Flashcards
Freud’s Development Therory
- Believed that basic character was formed by 5 years of age.
- The structure of the personality organized three major components:
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What are Freud’s stage of personality development?
- Oral stage (birth to 18 months)
- Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
- Latency stage (6 to 12 years)
- Genital stage (13 to 20 years)
What was Sullivan’s theory on development of personality.
- Based on the belief that individual behavior and personality development are the direct result of interpersonal relationships
- Major concepts of this theory include:
- Anxiety
- Satisfaction of needs
- Interpersonal security
- Self-system
What are Sullivan’s stages of development?
- Infancy (birth to 18 months)
- Childhood (18 months to 6 years)
- Juvenile (6 to 9 years)
- Preadolescence (9 to 12 years)
- Early adolescence (12 to 14 years)
- Late adolescence (14 to 21 years)
Infancy (Sullivan) Major Developmental Tasks?
Relief from anxiety through oral gratification of needs
Age: Birth - 18 months
- mouth
- crying
- nursing
- thumb sucking
What are the Childhood Stage (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
- Age: 18 mo. -6 years
- Learning to experience a delay in personal gratification without undue anxiety
- delayed gratification often results in parental approval, a more lasting type of reward.
-
Tools of this stage include:
- the mouth,
- the anus,
- language,
- experimentation,
- manipulation,
- and identification.
Juvenile: 6 to 9 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory peer relationships. Achieved through use of:
- competition,
- coop- eration,
- and compromise.
Preadolescence: 9 to 12 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of same gender; initiating feelings of affection for another person
Early Adolescence: 12 to 14 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of the opposite gender; developing a sense of identity
- emergence of lust in response to biological changes as a major force occurring during this period.
Late Adolescence: 14 to 21 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
- Establishing self-identity;
- experiencing satisfying relationships;
- working to develop a lasting, intimate opposite-gender relationship
- genital organs are the major developmental focus of this stage.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Based on the influence of social processes on the development of the personality
- Erikson identified eight stages of development and the major tasks associated with each.
- Trust versus mistrust (birth to 18 months)
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years)
- Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)
- Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)
- Identity versus role confusion (12 to 20 years)
- Intimacy versus isolation (20 to 30 years)
- Generativity versus stagnation (30 to 65 years)
- Ego integrity versus despair (65 years to death)
Trust versus Mistrust: Birth to 18 Months
Major Developmental Task
major task is to develop a basic trust in the mothering figure and learn to generalize it to others.
- Achievement of task = when basic needs are met consistently → self-confidence, optimism, faith in the gratification of needs and desires, and hope for the future.
- Nonachievement =
- emotional dissatisfaction with the self and others,
- suspiciousness, and
- difficulty with interpersonal relationships.
- primary caregivers fail to respond to the infant’s distress signal promptly and consistently.
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt: 18 Months to 3 Years (Erikson)
Major Developmental Tasks
gain some self-control and independence within the environment.
-
Achievement → Autonomy is achieved when parents encourge and provide opportunities for independent activities.
- sense of self- control and the ability to delay gratification, and a
- feeling of self-confidence in one’s ability to perform.
-
Nonachievement = task unresolved when primary caregivers restrict independent behaviors, both physically and verbally, or set the child up for failure with unrealistic expectations. Results in:
- lack of self-confidence,
- lack of pride in the ability to perform
- sense of being controlled by others
- rage against the self.
Mahler: Object Relations Theory is based on ____?
- Based on the separation-individuation process of the infant from the maternal figure (primary caregiver)
What are Mahler: Object Relations stages of development?
- Phase I: Autism (birth to 1 month)
- Phase II: Symbiosis (1 to 5 months)
- Phase III: Separation-Individuation (5 to 36 months)
What are the Mahler Stage III subphases?
- Differentiation ( 5 to 10 months)
- Practicing (10 to 16 months)
- Rapprochement (16 to 24 months)
- Consolidation (24 to 36 months)
What’s Paget: Cognitive Development theory based on?
- Based on the premise that human intelligence is an extension of biological adaptation or one’s ability for psychological adaptation to the environment
Paget: Cognitivite Development Theory
Stages of Development?
- Piaget identified four stages of development that are related to age, demonstrating at each successive stage a higher level of logical organization than at the previous stage:
- Sensorimotor ( birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 6 years)
- Concrete operations ( 6 to 12 years)
- Formal operations (12 to 15+ years)
What is Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory?
Stages of moral development are not closely tied to specific age groups; they are more accurately determined by the individual’s motivation behind the behavior.
What are Kohlberg’s 3 major levels of moral development?
- Preconventional level (4 to 10 years)
- Conventional level (10 to 13 years and into
adulthood) - Postconventional level (from adolescence
on)
What is Peplau’s: Nursing Model of Interpersonal Development?
- Applies interpersonal theory to nurse-client relationship development
- Correlates the stages of personality development in childhood to stages through which clients advance during the progression of an illness
- Views interpersonal experiences as learning situations for nurses to facilitate forward movement in the development of personality
Peplau’s 7 nursing roles
- Nurses function to assist individuals in need of health services
- Stranger
- Resource person
- Counselor
- Teacher
- Leader
- Technical expert
- Surrogate
Four Stages of Personality Development
- Stage 1: Learning to count on others
- Stage 2: Learning to delay gratification
- Stage 3: Identifying oneself
- Stage 4: Developing skills in participation
Personality, defined:
- The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics that are particular to a specific person and that remain somewhat stable and predictable over time.
Personality traits are enduring patterns of_____?
- Perceiving
- Relating to
- Thinking about environment and oneself.
Personality disorders occur when personality traits become____?
- Inflexible
- Maladaptive
- The cause of significant
functional impairment or
subjective distress
Personality development occurs in response to a number of biological and psychological influences which include___?
- Heredity
- Temperament
- Experiential learning
- Social interaction
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as odd or eccentric
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
- Ghost
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as dramatic, emotional, or erratic
-
Antisocial personality disorder
- Pulp Fiction
-
Borderline personality disorder
- Fatal Attraction
- Histrionic personality disorder
-
Narcissistic personality disorder
- Gone With the Wind
Cluster C Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are described as anxious or fearful
- Avoidant personality disorder
- Breakfast Club
- Dependent personality disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder definition:
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent; condition begins by early
adulthood and presents
in a variety of contexts
Paranoid clinical picture
- Constantly on guard
- Hypervigilant
- Ready for any real or
imagined threat - Trusts no one
- Constantly tests the
honesty of others
Paranoid predisoposing factors
- Possible hereditary link
- Subject to early parental
- *antagonism** and harassment
Schizoid Personality Disorder Definition
- Characterized primarily by a profound defect in the ability to form personal relationships.
- Failure to respond to others in a meaningful emotional way.
Schizoid Clinical Picture
- Indifferent to others.
- Client is aloof.
- Client is emotionally cold.
- No close friends; prefer to be alone.
- In the presence of others, clients appear shy, anxious, or uneasy.
- Inappropriately serious about everything
and have difficulty acting in a light-hearted
manner.
Schizoid predisposing factors
- Possible hereditary factor
- Childhood has been characterized as
- Bleak
- Cold
- Unempathic
- Notably lacking in nurturing
Schizotypal definition
- A graver form of the pathologically less severe schizoid personality pattern
- Affects about 3 percent
of the population.
Schizotypal Clinical Picture
- Clients are aloof and isolated.
- Behave in a bland and apathetic manner.
- Everyday world manifests
- Magical thinking
- Ideas of reference
- Delusions
- Depersonalization
- Superstitiousness
- Withdrawal into the self
- Exhibit bizarre speech pattern.
- When under stress, may decompensate and demonstrate psychotic symptoms.
- Demonstrates bland, inappropriate affect.
Psychizotypal Predisposing factors
- Possible hereditary factor
- Possible physiological influence, such as anatomic deficits or neurochemical dysfunctions within certain areas of the brain
- Early family dynamics characterized by:
- Indifference
- Impassivity
- Formality
- Pattern of discomfort
with personal affection
and closeness
Antisocial - definition
- A pattern of
- Socially irresponsible
- Exploitative
- Guiltless behavior
- that reflects a disregard for the rights of others.
- Prevalence estimates in the United States from 3% in men to about 1% in women
Antisocial Clinical Picture
- Fails to sustain consistent employment.
- Fails to conform to the law
- Exploits and manipulates others for
personal gain. - Fails to develop stable
relationships
Borderline - definition
- Characterized by a pattern
of intense and chaotic
relationships with affective
instability. - Clients have fluctuating
and extreme attitudes
regarding other people. - Clients are highly impulsive.
- *Most common form of
personality disorder* - Emotionally unstable
- Directly and indirectly
self-destructive - Lacks a clear sense of
identity
Histrionic personality disorder - definition
- Excitable
- Emotional
- Colorful
- Dramatic
- Extroverted in behavior.
- Prevalence is thought to be about 2% to 3%.
- More common in women than in men.
Histrionic Clinical Picture
- Affected clients are
- Self-dramatizing
- Attention-seeking
- Overly gregarious
- Seductive
- Manipulative
- Exhibitionistic
- Individuals with histrionic personalities
- Are highly distractible
- Have difficulty paying attention to detail
- Are easily influenced by others
- Have difficulty forming
close relationships - Strong need for approval; feel
dejected and anxious if they
don’t get it
Histrionic predisoposing factors
- Possible link to the noradrenergic
and serotonergic systems - Possible hereditary factor
-
Biogenetically determined
temperament - Learned behavior patterns
Narcissistic - definition
- Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-worth.
- Lack empathy.
- Believe they have the inalienable
right to receive special consideration. - Prevalence from 2% to 16% hospitalized
- Less than 1% in the general population
- Disorder more common in men than
in women.
Narcissistic - Clinical Picture
- Mood can easily change because of fragile self-esteem if they do not
- Meet self-expectations.
- Receive positive feedback they
expect from others.
- Criticism from others may
cause them to respond with
rage, shame, and humiliation.
Narcissistic - Predisposing Factors
- As children, these people have had their fears, failures, or dependency needs responded to
with criticism, disdain, or neglect. - Parents were often narcissistic
themselves. - Parents may have overindulged
their child and failed to set
limits on inappropriate behavior.
Avoidant - Definition
- Characterized by:
- Extreme sensitivity to rejection
- Social withdrawal
- Prevalence is between 0.5%
and 1% and is equally common
in both men and women.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - Clinical Picture
- Awkward and uncomfortable in social situations.
- Desire close relationships but avoid them because of their fear of being rejected.
- Perceived as timid, withdrawn,
or cold and strange. - They are often lonely and feel
unwanted. - They view others as critical and betraying.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - Predisposing Factors
- Possible hereditary influences
- Parental rejection and
- *criticism**
Dependent Personality Disorder - Definition
- Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of
separation. - Relatively common within the population.
- More common among women than men.
- More common in the youngest children
of a family than in the oldest ones.
Dependent Personality Disorder - Clinical Picture
- They have a notable lack of self-confidence that is often apparent in their:
- Posture, Voice, and Mannerisms
- Typically passive and acquiescent to desires of others.
- Overly generous and thoughtful, while underplaying their own attractiveness and achievements.
- Low self-worth and easily hurt by criticism and disapproval.
- Assume passive and submissive roles in relationships.
- Avoid positions of responsibility and
become anxious when forced into
them.
Dependent Personality Disorder - Predisposing Factors
- Possible hereditary influence.
- Stimulation and nurturance are experienced exclusively from one source.
- A singular attachment is made by the infant to
the exclusion of all others.
OCD - definition
- Relatively common and occurs more often in men than in women.
- Within the family constellation,
it appears to be most common
in the oldest children.
OCD - clinical picture
- Especially concerned with matters of organization and efficiency.
- Tend to be rigid and unbending.
- Clients are polite and formal.
- Clients are rank-conscious
(ingratiating with authority
figures). - Appear to be very calm and controlled.
- Underneath there is a great deal of:
- Ambivalence
- Conflict
- Hostility
