Personality Development and Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is social cognition?
A
Social cognition refers to how people think about others, including both explicit and implicit processes, which can influence judgments and behaviors, often unconsciously.
2
Q
What are the three components of attitude?
A
The three components of attitude are:
- Affective (feelings),
- Behavioral (predisposition to act),
- Cognitive (beliefs or knowledge).
3
Q
How do attitudes influence behavior?
A
Attitudes influence behavior, but behavior does not always align with attitude. Factors that affect this include strength, stability, relevance, importance, social norms, and ease of access from memory.
4
Q
What is cognitive dissonance?
A
Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a conflict between attitudes and behaviors, causing discomfort. People are motivated to reduce this discomfort by changing their attitudes or behaviors.
5
Q
How does cognitive dissonance apply in the Festinger and Carlsmith study?
A
Participants paid less to tell others a boring task was enjoyable experienced more dissonance and changed their attitude, convincing themselves they enjoyed the task to reduce discomfort.
6
Q
How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?
A
Strategies include:
- Indirect strategies (e.g., boosting self-esteem in other areas),
- Direct strategies (changing behavior or attitude),
- Trivializing the inconsistency (viewing it as unimportant).
7
Q
What are the two routes to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?
A
The two routes are:
Central route (focused on the content of the argument),
Peripheral route (focused on superficial cues like attractiveness or frequency).
8
Q
What characteristics make someone persuasive?
A
Traits that make someone persuasive include:
- Identity (attractiveness or expertise),
- Fast talking,
- Honesty (being perceived as honest).
9
Q
What is a stereotype?
A
A stereotype is a belief about individuals from a particular category (e.g., race, gender, etc.), which may be positive, negative, or neutral and is often an oversimplified or incorrect generalization.
10
Q
What is prejudice?
A
Prejudice includes both a cognitive component (beliefs about a group) and an emotional component (negative feelings toward that group). It can be self-perpetuating, as inconsistent information is often disregarded.
11
Q
What is discrimination?
A
Discrimination is negative behavior toward a group based on unjustified attitudes or prejudice. It can be subtle and involves treating individuals differently due to factors like gender, race, or religion.
12
Q
What does the realistic conflict theory explain?
A
The theory suggests that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources like jobs or housing, leading to negative views and prejudice.
13
Q
What is an attitude?
A
An attitude is an overall evaluation of some aspect of the world—people, issues, or objects.
14
Q
What are the three components of attitude?
A
The three components of attitude are:
- Affective (feelings),
- Behavioral (predisposition to act),
- Cognitive (beliefs or thoughts). These are summarized by the acronym (ABC).
15
Q
What is cognitive dissonance?
A
Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable state that arises from a discrepancy among attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It is accompanied by heightened arousal, and people are motivated to reduce this dissonance by resolving the conflict.
16
Q
What is persuasion?
A
Persuasion is when one person tries to change another person’s attitude.
17
Q
What is a stereotype?
A
A stereotype is a belief or set of beliefs about people from a particular category, which can be defined by race, sex, social class, religion, ethnic background, and more. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral.
18
Q
What is prejudice?
A
Prejudice is an attitude that is generally negative toward members of a group.
19
Q
What is discrimination?
A
Discrimination is a negative behavior toward individuals from a specific group that arises from unjustified negative attitudes about that group.
20
Q
What is social categorization?
A
Social categorization is the process of automatically classifying people into groups as part of “us” (ingroup) or “them” (outgroup). This often leads to biases where the ingroup is favored, and the outgroup is viewed unfavorably.
21
Q
How does social categorization lead to prejudice and discrimination?
A
Social categorization leads to prejudice and discrimination by favoring the ingroup and disfavoring the outgroup, sometimes leading to assumptions about undesirable traits of the outgroup.
22
Q
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of prejudice?
A
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations about a person lead to behavior that causes the person to act in a way that confirms the stereotype, thus reinforcing the prejudice.
23
Q
What is implicit prejudice?
A
Implicit prejudice refers to unconscious biases people hold, which affect their behavior toward others, even if they are unaware of these biases. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures these biases.
24
Q
What is stereotype threat?
A
Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group, leading individuals to underperform or act in ways that align with the stereotype, often under stress.
25
What does the jigsaw classroom technique aim to achieve?
The jigsaw classroom technique reduces prejudice by promoting cooperation and interdependence among students from different backgrounds, allowing them to work together on shared goals.
26
How does implicit prejudice affect behavior?
Implicit prejudice can lead to behaviors such as avoiding interactions with outgroup members or making biased decisions, like sitting further away from or spending less time talking to people from different racial backgrounds.
27
How does stereotype threat impact performance?
Stereotype threat can cause anxiety and self-monitoring that may reduce a person's ability to perform well in situations where they feel they might confirm a negative stereotype about their group.
28
What role does social categorization play in forming stereotypes?
Social categorization simplifies how we perceive others by sorting them into categories (ingroup vs. outgroup), often leading to stereotypes about members of the outgroup.
29
What happens in the jigsaw classroom’s step 2?
In step 2, students who researched the same topic (e.g., George Washington) form an expert group to share and rehearse their findings before presenting them back to their original jigsaw groups.
30
What is the jigsaw technique, and how does it decrease prejudice?
The jigsaw technique creates integrated groups of individuals from different backgrounds, requiring interdependence to achieve a common goal. By increasing contact between groups and making each person's contribution necessary, it helps decrease prejudice by fostering cooperation and shared learning.
31
What are the two broad types of attributions in social psychology?
The two types of attributions are:
1. Internal (dispositional): Explains behavior in terms of personal traits, beliefs, or goals.
2. External (situational): Explains behavior in terms of the situation or environment.
32
What is the difference between internal and external attributions with examples?
Internal attribution (self): "I did well because I am smart."
External attribution (self): "I did well because the task was easy."
Internal attribution (others): "She did well because she is smart."
External attribution (others): "She did well because the task was easy."
33
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal causes (e.g., personality traits) rather than external factors (e.g., situational circumstances). It can perpetuate discrimination by ignoring the role of external factors.
34
What is an example of the fundamental attribution error in real life?
When observing a homeless person, one might assume their condition reflects laziness (an internal cause) rather than external factors like bad luck or systemic issues (e.g., unemployment, lack of affordable housing).
35
What is the self-serving bias?
The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute your own successes to internal factors (e.g., abilities) and failures to external factors (e.g., bad luck), while attributing others' successes to external causes and their failures to internal ones.
36
How does the self-serving bias influence people's perceptions of others?
People are more likely to view their own negative actions as justified (external causes) but see others' negative actions as reflecting their character (internal causes), leading to biased judgments about others.
37
What is the "belief in a just world" bias?
The belief in a just world is the assumption that people get what they deserve. This belief can lead to victim-blaming, such as viewing disadvantaged groups as deserving their situation due to perceived personal failings.
38
How can the belief in a just world affect perceptions of social issues?
Those who strongly believe in a just world may view issues like AIDS among gay men or homelessness as deserved punishment, reinforcing discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.
39
How do prejudice and stereotypes influence attributions?
Prejudices and stereotypes lead to biased attributions, where individuals are judged based on group membership rather than personal circumstances, perpetuating biased thinking and discriminatory actions.
40
How can you challenge your own biases?
Being aware of biases like attributional errors, self-serving bias, and the belief in a just world is the first step toward reflecting on and correcting unfair judgments, leading to more equitable and unbiased thinking.
41
What is social categorization?
Social categorization is an example of prejudice where people create ingroups and outgroups.
42
How does a self-fulfilling prophecy relate to stereotypes
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a stereotype that makes someone behave in ways that elicit behavior from an outgroup member consistent with the stereotype.
43
What can implicit prejudices lead to?
Implicit prejudices can lead to unconscious biased behaviors and reactions.
44
What is stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat is the fear of being evaluated negatively because of existing stereotypes about one's group, leading to underperformance.
45
What is a jigsaw classroom strategy?
A jigsaw classroom strategy is a three-step process designed to increase interdependence between ingroups and outgroups.
46
What are the three types of attribution biases?
The three types of attribution biases are fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, and belief in a just world.
47
What is an attitude?
An attitude is an overall evaluation of some aspect of the world—people, issues, or objects. It has three components: affective, behavioral, and cognitive (ABC).
48
What is cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable state arising from a discrepancy among attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It leads to heightened arousal and motivates people to resolve the conflict.
49
What is a stereotype?
A stereotype is a belief (or set of beliefs) about people from a particular category, defined by characteristics like race, sex, social class, or hobbies. It can be positive, negative, or neutral.
50
What is prejudice?
Prejudice is a generally negative attitude toward members of a group, involving a cognitive component (beliefs and expectations) and an emotional component (negative feelings).
51
What is discrimination?
Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals from a specific group, arising from unjustified negative attitudes about that group.
52
How does social categorization relate to prejudice?
Social categorization is an example of prejudice, as people tend to create ingroups and outgroups.
53
How does a self-fulfilling prophecy relate to stereotypes?
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a stereotype that causes behavior that elicits actions from an outgroup member
54
What is the impact of implicit prejudices?
Implicit prejudices can lead to unconscious biased behaviors and reactions.
55
What is stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat is the fear that people will be evaluated negatively due to existing stereotypes about their group, which can lead to underperformance.
56
What is the jigsaw classroom strategy?
The jigsaw classroom strategy is a three-step process used to increase interdependence between ingroups and outgroups.
57
What are the three types of attribution biases?
The three types of attribution biases are fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, and belief in a just world.
58
What is social cognition?
Social cognition pertains to an individual’s perception of and thoughts about the social world.
59
What is social behavior?
Social behavior pertains to a wide range of activities and interactions with others, including intimate relationships, social activities, obedience, and domination.
60
How do emotions like attraction and alienation influence social interactions?
Emotions like attraction, belonging, and alienation influence or are influenced by social interactions, affecting personal choices and decisions.
61
Why are relationships powerful in influencing emotions?
Relationships can lead to endearing emotions that help people cope with outside events, but can also be sources of painful emotions due to conflicts or disappointments.
62
What factors influence why we are attracted to or like certain people?
Physical attraction, repeated contact, and similarity can lead to liking, and even disliking, another person, and are key ingredients in initiating a new relationship.
63
How does physical attraction influence relationships?
Physical attraction is a major factor in drawing someone to begin an intimate relationship. It can involve sexual attraction but also feelings like trust, security, interest, and admiration.
64
How do stereotypes affect our perception of attractive people?
Stereotypes about attractive people—such as thinking they are smarter and happier—can lead people to want to be around them, although these perceptions vary by culture.
65
How does repeated contact affect our liking of others?
The more contact you have with someone, the more likely you are to think positively about that person, even if you weren't initially impressed.
66
How does similarity influence whom we like?
Similarity in attitudes, activities, and communication style increases attraction. The more similar someone is to you, the more likely you are to like and endure that relationship.
67
What does social exchange theory suggest about relationships?
ocial exchange theory suggests that relationships involve the trading of benefits and costs. If the balance between these is not right, the relationship may feel like it's going poorly.
68
What is equity in social exchange theory?
Equity occurs when one person's benefits and costs from a relationship are seen as fair and acceptable, proportional to the benefits and costs incurred by their partner.
69
How does inequity affect a relationship?
Inequity in a relationship is displeasing, even if one person is receiving the most benefit. This is because receiving a lot of benefit creates a desire to give a lot, and when this isn’t reciprocated, it feels unsatisfying.
70
Who developed the social exchange theory and when?
Social exchange theory was developed by George Homans, a social psychologist, in 1958. He incorporated operant conditioning into the theory.
71
What does social exchange theory propose about human relationships?
Social exchange theory proposes that human relationships are transactional, and decisions to continue or end relationships are determined by the cost-benefit balance.
72
What is the guiding principle of social exchange theory?
The guiding principle is equity, where a person feels the benefits and costs in a relationship are balanced and proportional to their partner's.
73
How did social exchange theory influence the royal family’s dynamics?
In the case of Princess Diana and Prince Charles, Diana's decision to leave the marriage was influenced by the imbalance of costs and benefits, including the pressures of her royal duties and the involvement of a third party, Camilla Bowes.
74
What happens when the cost outweighs the benefits in a relationship?
When the cost outweighs the benefits in a relationship, individuals may feel dissatisfied and decide to end the relationship, as illustrated by Princess Diana’s decision to divorce Prince Charles.
75
What are some key concepts of Homans' social exchange theory?
Key concepts include:
1. An economic theory applied to human relationships
2. People form relationships when they are rewarding
3. People try to maximize rewards and minimize costs
4. Rewards – costs = outcome
5. People commit to a relationship only when the outcome is positive
76
How is love different from very strong liking?
Love is a qualitatively different feeling from strong liking. It involves deeper emotional and relational aspects and is not simply an intense liking for someone or something.
77
How are attitudes about love similar across cultures?
Attitudes about and experiences with love are similar across cultures, including in Russia, Japan, and the United States.
78
What are the two types of love often discussed by psychologists?
Psychologists distinguish between companionate love and passionate love.
79
What is companionate love?
Companionate love is an altruistic form of love where one expends time, attention, and resources for another person. It is often described in many religions and is what parents typically feel for their children.
80
What is passionate love?
Passionate love is the intense, often sudden feeling of being "in love," typically involving sexual attraction, a desire for mutual love and physical closeness, arousal, and a fear of the relationship ending. It tends to fade over time.
81
How does love evolve over time?
Passionate love tends to fade over time and is replaced by more stable companionate love, characterized by bonding and affection. This transition may have adaptive benefits for raising children.
82
What are the three dimensions of love according to Sternberg’s triangular model?
The three dimensions of love are:
1. Passion (including sexual desire)
2. Intimacy (emotional closeness and sharing)
3. Commitment (the conscious decision to stay in the relationship)
83
What types of love are formed based on the combination of Sternberg’s three dimensions?
The types of love based on the combinations of Sternberg's three dimensions are:
*Companionate love: intimacy + commitment
*Fatuous love: passion + commitment
*Romantic love: passion + intimacy
*Consummate love: passion + intimacy + commitment (the ideal form of love)
84
What is consummate love?
Consummate love is the combination of all three dimensions—passion, intimacy, and commitment—and is considered the ideal form of love.
85
What is attachment style in relationships?
Attachment style refers to the manner of behaving with and thinking about a partner. It stems from the interaction patterns with one's primary caregiver during childhood.
86
What are the three main adult attachment styles?
The three main adult attachment styles are:
1. Secure: Comfort with intimacy and independence.
2. Avoidant: Discomfort with closeness and intimacy.
3. Anxious-ambivalent: Desire for closeness but fear of losing the relationship.
87
What percentage of Americans exhibit a secure attachment style?
About 59% of an American sample are said to have a secure attachment style.
88
What is an avoidant attachment style?
An avoidant attachment style is characterized by discomfort with intimacy and closeness. About 25% of Americans have this style and tend to structure their lives to avoid closeness.
89
What is an anxious-ambivalent attachment style?
An anxious-ambivalent attachment style is where adults desire a relationship but simultaneously fear it. About 11% of Americans exhibit this style.
90
How do attachment styles vary across cultures?
While secure attachment is most common in the U.S., an anxious-ambivalent style is more common in Japan and Israel, and an avoidant style is more prevalent in Germany than in the U.S.
91
How do Bartholomew and Horowitz explain attachment?
Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) suggested that attachment results from a combination of self-views and views of the partner, with secure attachment stemming from low anxiety and low avoidance.
92
What is the "preoccupied" attachment style according to Bartholomew and Horowitz?
The "preoccupied" style is characterized by high anxiety and low avoidance. People with this style are preoccupied with the relationship and fear losing their partner.
93
What is the "dismissive" attachment style?
The "dismissive" style is a form of avoidant attachment, marked by high avoidance and low anxiety. People with this style tend to prefer solitude.
94
What is the "fearful" attachment style?
The "fearful" style is an anxious-ambivalent attachment, characterized by high anxiety and high avoidance. These individuals are afraid of others and also fear being alone.
95
How does Bartholomew and Horowitz's model of attachment explain the relationship between anxiety and avoidance?
Their model uses a two-dimensional graph with avoidance on the y-axis and anxiety on the x-axis to classify different attachment styles, including secure, preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful attachment.
96
What factors contribute to liking people?
Liking people is the result of a combination of physical attraction, repeated contact, and similarity.
97
What are the three dimensions of love?
The three dimensions of love are passion, intimacy, and commitment.
98
How do the dimensions of love affect a relationship over time?
Different proportions and combinations of the dimensions of love describe the relationship and can change over time.
99
How does attachment style affect relationships?
An individual’s attachment style affects the pattern of relationships that they do, or do not, develop.
100
What influences the decision to initiate or continue a relationship?
Initiating or continuing a relationship is often a transactional decision made by weighing the benefits versus the costs.
101
What factors define a group in social psychology?
A group is defined by:
-Regular interaction among members.
-A social or emotional connection among members.
-A common frame of reference.
-A degree of interdependence.
102
What is the purpose of norms within a group?
Norms serve as guides for behavior, helping the group function effectively. They are enforced through sanctions and define appropriate behavior for roles like family members, students, employees, and more.
103
How do roles differ from norms in a group setting?
-Norms: Rules that apply to all group members, guiding general behavior.
-Roles: Specific behaviors expected from individuals in particular positions within the group, defining responsibilities.
104
What is conformity, and how does it relate to social norms?
Conformity is the change in behavior to follow a group's norms, ensuring that individuals align with group expectations.
105
What are two types of social influence that lead to conformity?
1. Informational Social Influence: Conforming because others' views or behaviors seem correct or appropriate.
2. Normative Social Influence: Conforming to be liked or accepted by the group.
106
When is informational social influence most likely to occur?
1. The situation is ambiguous.
2. A crisis requires quick action.
3. The task is very difficult.
4. Other people are perceived as experts.
107
What example illustrates conformity to social norms in different cultures?
In Japan, it is a cultural norm to wear a mask in public when sick to prevent spreading germs, reflecting social responsibility and conformity to norms.
108
How can norms within a group change over time?
Norms can evolve due to cultural shifts, exposure to new ideas, or generational differences, as seen with changing attitudes toward the use of "Ms." or the influence of Western media on Indian adolescents.
109
Why might people go along with group decisions, even if they have doubts?
To minimize conflict or maintain harmony.
Due to informational influence (assuming the group is correct) or normative influence (desire for acceptance).
110
What is normative social influence?
Normative social influence occurs when people conform because they want to be liked or thought of positively.
111
What famous study demonstrated normative social influence?
Solomon Asch's study on conformity demonstrated normative social influence using a visual perception task.
112
What task did participants perform in Asch's study?
Participants were shown a target line and asked to choose which of three other lines matched its length. The task appeared simple but became perplexing due to group influence.
113
How did Asch’s experiment test conformity?
In 12 out of 18 trials, confederates gave incorrect answers. Researchers observed whether the participant conformed to these clearly incorrect answers.
114
What were the results of Asch’s study?
-76% of participants conformed at least once.
-Approximately one-third of participants' total responses conformed to the incorrect majority.
115
What role did the confederates play in Asch's study?
Confederates pretended to be other participants and deliberately gave incorrect answers to influence the actual participant.
116
Why did participants in Asch’s experiment conform to the group?
Participants conformed to belong to the group and avoid public contradiction. When answers were written privately, conformity dropped significantly, with participants giving correct answers 98% of the time.
117
What was the focus of Milgram's obedience study?
Milgram studied whether individuals would obey orders to harm others, even when it conflicted with their personal morals.
118
Describe the setup of Milgram’s obedience experiment.
Participants acted as "teachers" delivering increasing electric shocks to a "learner" (confederate) for incorrect answers, believing the shocks were real. The experimenter urged them to continue despite the learner's protests.
119
What were the results of Milgram’s original obedience study?
65% of participants administered shocks up to the highest voltage, even when the learner screamed or fell silent.
120
How did the authority of the experimenter influence obedience in Milgram's study?
Obedience was higher when the experimenter was perceived as authoritative. When instructions came via phone, obedience dropped to 21%.
120
How did proximity to the learner affect obedience in Milgram’s study?
Obedience decreased when the teacher was closer to the learner, such as holding an electrode to their skin (30% obedience compared to 65% in the original setup).
121
What reduced obedience in variations of Milgram's study?
1. When participants chose shock levels themselves, none went past 45 volts.
2. When the authority figure was less credible (e.g., a peer giving orders), obedience fell to 20%.
3. When two authority figures disagreed, no participants continued with shocks.
122
What role did responsibility play in Milgram’s study?
Participants were more likely to obey when the authority figure claimed responsibility for the actions.
123
What does Milgram’s study suggest about obedience?
People are highly likely to obey authoritative orders, especially when the situation supports compliance, but situational factors like proximity and authority can greatly influence the level of obedience.
124
What factors make people more likely to conform to the majority position?
People are more likely to conform when:
-They doubt the correctness of their minority view.
-The task is difficult.
-They are part of a cohesive group.
125
What can reduce conformity to the majority view?
Conformity decreases when:
At least one other person dissents from the majority.
Individuals have a strong desire to retain their sense of individuality.
126
What factors increase obedience to an order to harm someone?
Obedience increases when:
The person issuing the order is authoritative.
The authority figure is nearby.
127
What factors decrease obedience to harmful orders?
Not everyone obeys harmful orders, and situational specifics—such as proximity to the authority figure or the target—play a key role in determining obedience.
128
What factors can improve group decision-making?
-Seeking outside opinions.
-Voting in private.
-Leaders refraining from stating opinions first.
-Conducting research on all viewpoints.
-Weighing pros and cons of all options.
-Developing contingency plans.
129
What is the majority-win rule in group decision-making?
A decision-making method where the majority's view prevails, commonly used for opinions or judgments without an objectively correct answer.
130
What is the truth-win rule in group decision-making?
A method where the correct minority position prevails when there is an objectively correct answer.
131
What is group polarization?
A process where group members become more extreme in their views after discussing initial positions.
132
What causes group polarization?
1. Compelling arguments: Members provide strong reasons that reinforce the initial view.
2. Emerging consensus: Members adopt more extreme positions to align with the group and improve their self-view.
3. Dominance of extreme members: Those with stronger views speak more and dominate the discussion.
133
What is groupthink?
A phenomenon where a desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or suboptimal decision-making.
134
What are symptoms of groupthink?
-Belief in group invulnerability or moral superiority.
-Self-censorship by members.
-Suppression of dissenting opinions.
-Illusion of unanimity.
-Negative stereotypes of outgroups.
135
How can groupthink be avoided?
-Encourage diverse opinions.
-Leaders avoid asserting their stance initially.
-Evaluate all options critically.
-Seek external perspectives.
-Develop backup plans.
136
What is social loafing?
When group members contribute less effort to a task, relying on others to carry the load.
137
How can social loafing be reduced?
-Assigning clear individual responsibilities.
-Making tasks attractive.
-Evaluating individual and group performances.
-Instilling a sense of importance and responsibility in members.
138
What is social facilitation?
The phenomenon where the presence of others improves performance on simple, well-learned tasks but hinders performance on complex or new tasks.
139
What causes social facilitation and inhibition?
The presence of others increases arousal, enhancing performance on easy tasks but disrupting it on difficult ones.
140
What is altruism?
The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors.
141
What is the bystander effect?
A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when other people are present.
142
What study explored the bystander effect?
Darley and Latané's experiment showed that as the number of perceived bystanders increased, the likelihood of helping decreased.
143
What factors influence the bystander effect?
-Number of bystanders: Help decreases with more bystanders.
-Perceived responsibility: Individuals feel less responsible in larger groups.
144
How can group dynamics influence emergency response?
In smaller groups, individuals feel a greater sense of responsibility and are more likely to act.
145
What factors influence the style of a group’s decision-making?
A group’s goals, composition, and the ways members articulate their view
146
How can being in a group affect an individual’s performance?
It can help or harm performance, depending on various factors.
147
What does the bystander effect explain?
It explains how people determine when and whom to help in an emergency.
148
What are some major aspects of social behavior?
Conformity, obedience, group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and norms and roles.
149
What are key elements of interpersonal relationships?
Attraction to similar people, repeated contact, types of love (Sternberg’s triangular model), and attachment styles.
150
What influences conformity?
Informational and normative social influences, depending on the situation.
151
What does Asch’s conformity experiment illustrate?
Normative social influence.
152
What factors affect obedience to an order?
The status and proximity of the person giving the order.
153
What key characteristics define group dynamics and behaviors?
Group norms, roles, and the impact of group composition on decision-making.
154
What can Sternberg’s triangular model of love be used to examine?
Different types of love based on three dimensions: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
155
What are the effects of repeated contact in intimate relationships?
Humans are more likely to be attracted to and like people they see frequently.
156
How do norms and roles influence group members’ behaviors?
They guide and structure the expectations for behavior within the group.
