Personality Chapter 3-6

Question 1

What are traits?

Answer 1

They are internal desires, needs, and wants from one situation to the next

Question 2

What are the Three Approaches to Identifying Traits

Answer 2

Lexical, Statistical, Theoretical

Question 3

Theoretical Approach

Answer 3

Theory explains behavior. The behavior suggests internal traits Ex: Theory of Sociosexual Orientation

The purpose is to discuss how early personality psychologists understood what traits we have

Question 4

Lexical Approach - Synonym Frequency

Answer 4

The more words to describe a trait, the more important

Question 5

Lexical Approach - Cross Cultural Universality

Answer 5

Which cultures have a word for any specific trait?

Describing differences among people, natural language

Question 6

What are the Pros & Cons to the Lexical Approach?

Answer 6

Perspectives, but Too many adjectives to describe

Question 7

Statistical Approach - Factor Analysis

Answer 7

Group ratings of trait adjectives into basic categories, Items that covary ( certain adjectives go together, positive correlation) together are grouped under a factor (Important that they don’t load onto other traits)

Question 8

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality

Answer 8

He believed these traits were heritable and have psychophysiological foundation:

Psychoticism (P)
Extraverstion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Emotional Stability (N)

Question 9

Wiggins Circumplex

Answer 9

Interactions between people best display their inner interpersonal traits
Interactions are exchanges of love and status ( both adding and removing)

Question 10

Cattell’s Taxonomy: The 16 PF System

Answer 10

Started with the lexical approach and self reports
Then used the factor analysis - that identified the 16 factors
The criticisms - others failed to replicate the same 16 factors

Question 11

Three relationships of Circumplex Taxonomies

Answer 11

Adjacency - how close the traits are to each other, positively correlated
Bipolarity - opposite sides of circle, 2 negative correlated
Orthogonal - perpendicularity no relationship

Question 12

Five Factor Model

Answer 12

Found by dozens of researchers using different samples, replicated in different languages, replicated in every decade for the past half century

Question 13

The 16 PF System Related Research

Answer 13

347 university students given personality assessment
120 survey items to begin
They used factor analysis to confirm 12 out of the 16 factors
The 12 factors are more closely related to the 5 factor model
Cattell’s model eventually led to the 5 factor model

Question 14

Five Factor Model Related Research

Answer 14

Over 25K people from 18 different countries surveyed
Researchers were specifically interested in education level
Lower educated adults don’t fit the 5 factor model
Found that those with less education were more likely acquiescent
When correcting for this bias, a model fit was found

Question 15

Wiggins Cricumplex Related Research

Answer 15

315 participants given Interpersonal Adjectives Scale
Also given to friends and spouse, taken about the participants
Researchers found corroborating evidence of the individuals personality
Complements the 5 factor model and is related to E and A

Question 16

Five Factor Model OCEAN

Answer 16

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

• used the lexical and statistical approaches
• achieved a greater degree of consensus than any other trait taxonomy
• missing positive and negative evaluations
• missing religiosity and spirituality

Question 17

HEXACO

Answer 17

Honesty
Emotionality
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness

Based on research, profitability outcomes with honesty

Question 18

Assumptions about Personality

Answer 18

There are measurable differences between people
Our personalities largely stay the same as we age
The traits we have remain with us in all situations

Question 19

Assumptions in Research

Answer 19

52 People were given personality assessment at the age of 26 and again at age 32, They needed to write a personal narrative which was analyzed for communication ability, problem solving ability, and emotional ability
Results then showed the there were growth in all qualities
SAME high to high low to low
marriage mediated the largest gains in all qualities

Question 20

Person-Situation Interaction

Answer 20

From our internal qualities, we tend to construct our situations
How we see the world, tends to favor us and our needs/interests

Question 21

Individual Differences Matter

Answer 21

Characteristics of the person moderate their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (even if the construal is the same) Ex: driving

Selection, Evocation, Manipulation
place ourselves in situations, and our traits then evoke specific responses, how we influence others

Question 22

Selection Research

Answer 22

Need for achievement : work
Extraversion: recreation
We pick our situations based on our traits

Question 23

Evocation Research

Answer 23

People who lived in city areas are higher on these qualities and prefer: fast paced lifestyle, increased ability to exploit others for their own gain, financially or sexually
decreased likelihood of getting caught
DARK TRIAD - Manipulation, Machiavellianism, Psychoticism/psychopathology
narcissism/psychopathy

Question 24

Manipulation Research

Answer 24

59 dating couples, Charm, Silent Treatment, Regression, Coercion, Reason, & Debasement
Sex differences with regression and debasement
Debasement means lowering values

Question 25

Aggregating Behavior

Answer 25

We can tell someone’s attitude based on several samples of behavior
Adding up or averaging several observations
Results in more reliable assessment Ex: going to church

Participants record daily activity for 6 months: r.08 one day basis
three week segments aggregate activity level r= .66

Question 26

Prediction for the Workforce

Answer 26

Personnel Selection
Integrity Testing
Concerns over Negligent Hiring