Personality and Temperament Flashcards
what is personality
distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
openness, conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
A study of the Big Five factors revealed…////?/
conscientiousness was the best predictor of both high school and college
grade-point average. In this study,
openness was the best predictor of SAT verbal scores
A study of fift h- to eighth-graders…/
conscientiousness was linked to better interpersonal relationships:
higher-quality friendships, better acceptance by peers,
and less victimization by peers.
person-situation interaction
the best way to
characterize an individual’s personality is not in terms of personal
traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation
involved.
temperament
A person’s behavioral style and
characteristic ways of responding.
variations in temperament
active, calm, responds warmly, fuss, fret.
Temperament styles
easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child
easy child
positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
difficult child
reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular
daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
slow-to-warm-up child
low activity level, is somewhat negative, and
displays a low intensity of mood.
three temperament dimensions
Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control
Extraversion/surgency
“positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity
level, and sensation seeking.” Kagan’s uninhibited children fi t into this
category.
Negative affectivity
fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort.”
These children are easily distressed; they may fret and cry oft en. Kagan’s
inhibited children fi t this category
Effortful control (self-regulation)
attentional focusing and shifting,
inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure.”
goodness of fit
The match between a child’s
temperament and the environmental demands the
child must cope with
culture
The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other
products of a particular group of people that are
passed on from generation to generation.
Cross-cultural studies
Studies that compare what
happens in one culture with what happens in one or
more other cultures; they provide information about
the degree to which people are similar and to what
degree behaviors are specific to certain cultures.
individualism
A set of values that give priority to
personal rather than to group goals
collectivism
A set of values that support the group.
socioeconomic status (SES)
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Educating Students from Low-SES Backgrounds need…/
discipline, motivation, parent involvement, mentoring, untapped knowledge
ethnicity
A shared pattern of characteristics such
as cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and
language.
prejudice
An unjustified negative attitude toward
an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group.
BILINGUALISM
the ability to speak two languages
bilingual children perform best…
on tests of control of attention, concept formation, analytical reasoning, cognitive flexibility, cognitive complexity.
multicultural education
Education that values
diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety
of cultural groups on a regular basis.
empowerment
providing people with the intellectual and coping
skills to succeed and make this a more just world.
subtractive bilingualism
many immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up monolingual speakers of english
jigsaw classroom
m A classroom in which students
from different cultural backgrounds cooperate by
doing different parts of a project to reach a common goal.
English as a second language (ESL)
A widely
used term for bilingual education programs and
classes that teach English to students whose native
language is not English.
English immersion,
in
which they are taught mainly or exclusively in English;
transitional bilingual education
in which they are taught
reading or other subjects in their native
language for several years and then moved into English classes
two-way, or
dual, bilingual education
in which both native English-speaking students and ELL
students are integrated in a bilingual classroom.
what issues does multicultural education involve
socioeconomic statues, ethnicity, gender, religion, disability, sexual orientation.
prejudice reduction
activities teachers can implement in the classroom to eliminate negative and stereotypical views of others
equity pedagogy
process to incorporate materials and learning strategies appropriate to both boys and girls to various ethnic groups.
CULTURALLY RELEVANT TEACHING
seeks to make connections with the learner’s cultural
background
funds of knowledge approach
going into the community where your students live and their parents work can improve your understanding of their ethnic and cultural backgrounds
ISSUES-CENTERED EDUCATION
students are taught to systematically examine issues that involve equity
and social justice.
gender
The characteristics of people as males and
females.
gender identity
The sense of being male or
female, which most children acquire by the time
they are 3 years old.
gender role
A set of expectations that prescribes
how females or males should think, act, and fee
gender typing
Acquistion of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender
schema theory
children gradually develop
gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.
gender stereotypes
Broad categories that reflect
impressions and beliefs about what behavior is
appropriate for females and males.
GENDER CONTROVERSY
substantial differences in physical performance,
writing skills, aggression, self-regulation, and prosocial behavior of girls and boys but
small or nonexistent differences in communication, math, and science.
androgyny
The presence of positive masculine
and feminine characteristics in the same individual.
androgynous boy
assertive (masculine) nurturing (feminine)
androgynous girl
powerful (masculine) sensitive (feminine)
