Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Define personality
A
Personality consists of those relatively stable, permanent characteristics that are unique to an individual and influence the way we think, feel and behave.
2
Q
Trait theory vs type theory
A
- trait is a social, emotional, behavioural characteristic that endures over time and across different situations
- traits are viewed as collection of dichotomous continuum’s
- types are viewed as discrete categories
- trait theories produce much greater flexibility in measuring individual difference in personality
3
Q
Main assumptions of trait theory
A
- Relatively stable and therefore predictable
- Stable across different situations
- Personality consists of a number of different traits and that some people have more or less of each trait than other
- Some traits are more closely interrelated than other traits and tend to occur together
4
Q
Eysenck 1947
A
- extroverted/introverted
- neuroticism
PEN
5
Q
Big 5 McRae & Costa
A
Used to describe personality Consciousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extroverted
6
Q
Strengths of McRae & costa
A
- empirically tested and valid
- produces flexible descriptions of personality and it’s structure
- foundation of valid and reliable
- focus on biological influences
- stable traits
7
Q
Limitations of McRae & Costa
A
- can lead people to accept and use oversimplified classification and descriptions
- easy to piageon hole with simple descriptions
- underestimate socio-cultural or contextual influences
- traits are often poor predictions of behaviour
8
Q
Humanistic theory
A
Each individuals unique perception of his or her own world - everything the person is perceiving st a particular time
9
Q
Carl Rogers 4 concepts
A
- Self concept
- Self worth
- Self actualisation
- Congruence
10
Q
Self concept
A
- All the perceptions and beliefs an individual has about themselves including their natures, unique qualities and their typical behaviour, similar to Freud’s model of the human psyche (id, ego, superego)
- childhoods is critical time for the development of personality
- social relationships a child experiences have lasting effects on the development of their self concept
11
Q
Self worth
A
- develops in childhood (attachment relationships) and later in life, from significant others. It is a protective factor
- positive regard: unconditional - parents significant others. Humanistic therapist off love/acceptance regardless of mistakes, leading to confidence, experimentation, growth and self actualisation
Conditional - praise and positive feedback depends on displaying appropriate behaviour
12
Q
Self actualisation
A
= reach full potential
- they way others treat them (self worth)
- how they view themselves (self concept)
- how effectively they can deal with negative influences in their live that cause them anxiety or conflict
13
Q
Congruence
A
- overlap between self image and ideal self
- self actualisation can only occur when on a slate of congruence
- measured using a Q-sort test
14
Q
Measuring personality
A
- humanistic theories do no believe that the personality rate can be measured
- they do use Qsort tests
- used during therapy to examine self concept and the extent to which the true self and ideal self match or dismatch
15
Q
Maslow hierarchy of needs
A
- people are motivated to achieve self actualisation
- growth depends on whether our basic needs are met
- person must desire for self fulfilment in order to actualise
16
Q
Hierarchy of needs in order
A
Physical Safety Love & belonging Esteem Self actualisation
17
Q
Tay & Diener
A
- Questions the basic needs
- universal human needs
- well being can be achieved by fulfilling psychological needs
18
Q
Strengths of hierarchy of needs
A
- positive approach to understanding personality
- first consideration between psychologist and client
- give a complete intuitive picture of how the healthy person
- strong link to social influence on personality development
