Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Define personality
A
Personality consists of those relatively stable, permanent characteristics that are unique to an individual and influence the way we think, feel and behave.
2
Q
Trait theory vs type theory
A
- trait is a social, emotional, behavioural characteristic that endures over time and across different situations
- traits are viewed as collection of dichotomous continuum’s
- types are viewed as discrete categories
- trait theories produce much greater flexibility in measuring individual difference in personality
3
Q
Main assumptions of trait theory
A
- Relatively stable and therefore predictable
- Stable across different situations
- Personality consists of a number of different traits and that some people have more or less of each trait than other
- Some traits are more closely interrelated than other traits and tend to occur together
4
Q
Eysenck 1947
A
- extroverted/introverted
- neuroticism
PEN
5
Q
Big 5 McRae & Costa
A
Used to describe personality Consciousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extroverted
6
Q
Strengths of McRae & costa
A
- empirically tested and valid
- produces flexible descriptions of personality and it’s structure
- foundation of valid and reliable
- focus on biological influences
- stable traits
7
Q
Limitations of McRae & Costa
A
- can lead people to accept and use oversimplified classification and descriptions
- easy to piageon hole with simple descriptions
- underestimate socio-cultural or contextual influences
- traits are often poor predictions of behaviour
8
Q
Humanistic theory
A
Each individuals unique perception of his or her own world - everything the person is perceiving st a particular time
9
Q
Carl Rogers 4 concepts
A
- Self concept
- Self worth
- Self actualisation
- Congruence
10
Q
Self concept
A
- All the perceptions and beliefs an individual has about themselves including their natures, unique qualities and their typical behaviour, similar to Freud’s model of the human psyche (id, ego, superego)
- childhoods is critical time for the development of personality
- social relationships a child experiences have lasting effects on the development of their self concept
11
Q
Self worth
A
- develops in childhood (attachment relationships) and later in life, from significant others. It is a protective factor
- positive regard: unconditional - parents significant others. Humanistic therapist off love/acceptance regardless of mistakes, leading to confidence, experimentation, growth and self actualisation
Conditional - praise and positive feedback depends on displaying appropriate behaviour
12
Q
Self actualisation
A
= reach full potential
- they way others treat them (self worth)
- how they view themselves (self concept)
- how effectively they can deal with negative influences in their live that cause them anxiety or conflict
13
Q
Congruence
A
- overlap between self image and ideal self
- self actualisation can only occur when on a slate of congruence
- measured using a Q-sort test
14
Q
Measuring personality
A
- humanistic theories do no believe that the personality rate can be measured
- they do use Qsort tests
- used during therapy to examine self concept and the extent to which the true self and ideal self match or dismatch
15
Q
Maslow hierarchy of needs
A
- people are motivated to achieve self actualisation
- growth depends on whether our basic needs are met
- person must desire for self fulfilment in order to actualise
16
Q
Hierarchy of needs in order
A
Physical Safety Love & belonging Esteem Self actualisation
17
Q
Tay & Diener
A
- Questions the basic needs
- universal human needs
- well being can be achieved by fulfilling psychological needs
18
Q
Strengths of hierarchy of needs
A
- positive approach to understanding personality
- first consideration between psychologist and client
- give a complete intuitive picture of how the healthy person
- strong link to social influence on personality development
19
Q
Limitations
A
- simplistic and romanticised which is hard to measure scientifically
- focus on self fulfilment (can be negative)
- don’t recognise the capacity of people to be evil
- methodological flaws from using biological analysis
- lower needs don’t always need to be met before moving up the hierarchy
20
Q
Social cognitive theory - Bandura
A
Adapted from Bandura SLT 1977 to reflect of how we learn from our social experience
21
Q
Personality signatures
A
An individual pattern of situation behaviour reaction proposed by Mischel to predict behaviour
22
Q
Self efficacy
A
Describe how one judges ones own competence to complet a task and reach goal
23
Q
Reciprocal determinism
A
The idea of reciprocal which our behaviour, cognitive processes and situational content all influence each other
24
Q
Personal
A
Whether the individual has high or low self efficacy towards the behaviour (get the learner to believe in his or her personal abilities to correctly complete a behaviour)
25
Behavioural
The response an individual receives after they perform a behaviour (produce chances for the learner to experience successful learning as a result of performing the behaviour correctly)
26
Environmental
Aspects of the environment or setting that influence the individual ability to successfully complete a behaviour (make environmental conditions conducive for improved self efficacy by providing appropriate support and materials
27
Key concept 1 - reciprocal determinsim
- a direct challenge to skinner behaviourist theory
- influence of behaviours an environment is directional
- we have active having the environment that influences our own growth and development
28
Key concept 2 - self efficacy
- an individual belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviour necessary to produce specific performance attainments
- self efficacy is a collection of beliefs that are determinants of how people think behave and feel
29
Role of self efficacy
- major role in how goals, tasks and challenged are approached
> strong efficacy =
- view challenging potential as tasks to be maintained
- develop deeper interests in activities
- stronger sense of commitment
- recover quickly from setbacks
> weak efficacy =
- avoid challenging tasks
- difficult tasks are beyond capabilities
- focus on personal failings and negatives
30
Developing self efficacy
Mastery experience - process that helps an individual achieve simple tasks that lead to more complex objectives
Social modelling - provides an identifiable model that shows the processes that accomplish a behaviour
Improving physical and emotional states - refers to ensuring a person is rested and relaxed prior to attempting a new behaviour . The less relaxed, the less patient, the more likely they won’t attain the goal behaviour
Verbal persuasion - providing encouragement for a person to complete a task
31
Mischels theoretical position in predicting behaviour
If personality is a stable system that processes the information about the situations external or internal then it follows that as individuals encounter different situations their behaviour should vary across the situations
Traditional trait theories do no account for trait vs state variation
Ultimately traits are more consistent within a situation than they are between different situations
32
Personality signatures Mischel
- consistency is found in a distinctive but stable pattern of “if then” situational behaviour relations that form personality signatures
- if x occurs the biome might results
- considers the importance of context
33
Self regulation
- ability to set and work towards goals
- will power and relates to the ability to delay gratification
- delay gratification is the concept of denying one set a reads in the president to get a better reward in the future
34
High self control
Leads to:
- successfully relationships
- success in highschool
- reduced chance of alcohol abuse
35
Variables used to predict behaviour
- competence: our intellectual capabilities as well as social skills
- cognitive strategies: different perceptions of a specific event. For instance, what may be threatening for you may be challenging to another person
- expectancies: expected results of different behaviours that are realised by the person inside his mind
36
Strengths of Mischel
- well grounded within empirical evidence
- widely applicable
- scientifically robust
- explains learning and the influence on the self and how these affects and are affect ed by a particular situation
37
Limitations
- ignores the effects of the unconscious
- doesn’t look at irrational behaviour
- critical data is more representative than laboratory data
38
Continuity over time
- each of us should be basically the same person that we were 3 to 4 years ago and should still be the same person 10-15 years later
Measured by:
- rank order stability: if you score high or low in a particular trait compared with peers, you will remain high or lost relative to peers, even if the whole group change
- mean level consistency: are there chances I’m mean score on each of the traits for each age group over time
- individual continuity: do the personality traits of individual participants remain stable over time
39
Measuring personality
- Myer Briggs’s
- thematic apperception text
- ink blot Rorschach
- graphology
40
Measurement of personality
- interviews
- observations
- rating scales
- questionnaires
- projective tasks
41
Assessments and classification of personality
- personality test : inventories & personal profiles
- projective tests
- Rorschach ink blot
- thematic apperception test
42
Inventories
Self report “paper and pencil” test, which has a list of questions designed to assess various parts of personality
43
Profile
Overall pictorial representations and summary based on an individual response to specific questions
44
Projective tests
Attempt to uncover an individuals unconscious wishes, desires, thoughts, needs, fears by asking them to describe what they see or to make up a strong from an ambiguous stimuli
45
Roracshach
- to stimulus cards, created by dropping ink onto paper and folding it
- composed of a variety of colours
46
Thematic Apperception Test
- 30 stimulus cards which contain drawings of various situations
- make a story out of the drawings
