Personality

Question 1

Define personality

Answer 1

Personality consists of those relatively stable, permanent characteristics and behaviour that are unique to an individual

Question 2

Who did the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 2

Freud

Question 3

Who did the trait approach?

Answer 3

Eysenck, Allport

Question 4

Who did the humanistic approach?

Answer 4

Maslow

Question 5

What does Freuds psychodynamic approach focus on?

Answer 5

Major focus on unconscious psychological conflicts and how they are resolved

Question 6

Name the 3 levels of awareness

Answer 6

1 the conscious mind
2 the pre conscious mind
3 the unconscious mind

Question 7

The conscious mind

Answer 7

Images, thoughts and feelings that we are experiencing right now

Question 8

The pre conscious mind

Answer 8

Memories and sensations that can be brought easily into consciousness (e.g. The name of a close relative)

Question 9

The unconscious mind

Answer 9

Desires, impulses and wishes that are very difficult to bring into consciousness and would produce anxiety if allowed into consciousness

Question 10

Iceberg theory

Answer 10

The mind is like an ice berg. The most important part is under water
The conscious is trying to become conscious

Question 11

Examples of the unconscious trying to become conscious

Answer 11

Dreams and Freudian slips

Question 12

What are Freudian slips?

Answer 12

Is a verbal or memory mistake that s believed to be linked to the unconscious mind
- example, Ross on Friends. Says Rachel instead of wife’s name

Question 13

What are the 3 parts of personality

Answer 13

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 14

What is the Id

Answer 14

The pleasure principle

Question 15

Ego

Answer 15

Reality principle

Defence mechanisms

Question 16

The superego

Answer 16

Moral part of personality
Perfection principles
Perfection rather than pleasure
Guilt

Question 17

Development of Personality- 5 stages

Answer 17

1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency period
5. Genital stage

Question 18

Oral stage

Answer 18

0-18 months

Pleasure centres around the mouth- chewing, sucking and biting

Question 19

Anal stage

Answer 19

18-3 years

Pleasure relates to the anus- passing stools, exercising power ver the parents during toilet training

Question 20

Phallic stage

Answer 20

3-6 years
Focus on sex organs
Develops an unconscious attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and feelings of jealousy and hatred towards the parent of the same sex

Question 21

Latency period

Answer 21

6 years to puberty
Psychosexual development is dormant
Not a stage

Question 22

Genital stage

Answer 22

Beings at puberty

Growing need for mature social and sexual relationships with others

Question 23

What did Freud believe?

Answer 23

Many of the psychological problems experienced in adulthood are a direct result of childhood experiences and of how well the child can progress through the stages

Question 24

When are defence mechanisms used?

Answer 24

To reduce anxiety caused by conflict between the id, ego and superego
Usually occurs without us knowing we are using them

Question 25

Name Freudian defence mechanisms (8)

Answer 25

- Denial - Repression - Reaction formation - Regression - Projection - Rationalisation - Compensation - Sublimation

Question 26

Maslows Humanistic Theories

Answer 26

- Must have basic needs before we try to have higher needs met - need to live up to our highest unique potential

Question 27

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 27

Top to bottom - Self Actualisation - Self-Esteem Needs - Love and Belongingness Needs - Safety and Security Needs - Physiological Needs One must satisfy lower level deficit needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs

Question 28

Allports Trait Theory

Answer 28

Went through dictionary and identified words that could describe personality

Question 29

Types of traits according to Allport

Answer 29

- Common traits - Cardinal traits - Central traits - Secondary traits

Question 30

Common traits

Answer 30

Despite everyone having a unique personality, there are traits that are common to culture

Question 31

Cardinal traits

Answer 31

A personality trait that is a driving force and determines behaviour These are very rare- few people possess them E.g. Overwhelming need to be powerful

Question 32

Central traits

Answer 32

Present in varying degrees in all people in a particular culture Basic building blocks to personality E.g. Independence, trustworthiness

Question 33

Secondary traits

Answer 33

Present in varying degrees in all people Depends on the specific situation Can change depending on where we are and what we are doing E.g. Fashion preferences

Question 34

3 Dimensions of Eysencks Theory Summary

Answer 34

1. Psychoticism- Impulse Control 2. Extraversion - Introversion 3. neuroticism- Emotionally stable Known as the PEN system

Question 35

What is Eysencks self report questionnaire called?

Answer 35

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

Question 36

Non- Projective/ Self Report Inventories

Answer 36

Rating scales Questionnaires Interviews Observation

Question 37

Rating scales

Answer 37

Ranks the extent to which a trait is present. Often used with children Is subjective

Question 38

Questionnaires

Answer 38

Standardised questions Rely on people being honest Bias

Question 39

Interviews

Answer 39

Used to gain information | A limitation of interviews is that the impressions gained are often first impressions and may not be accurate

Question 40

Observation

Answer 40

Looking at behaviour and noting behaviours, traits and mannerisms

Question 41

Projective Tests

Answer 41

Based on Psychodynamic theories of personality Interested in measuring unconscious desires, motivations and conflicts - Rosarch Inkblot Test - Themstic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 42

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 42

Make a story up with an image

Question 43

Rosarch Inkblot Test

Answer 43

Say what they see in Inkblot test