Personal Health and Well-being

Question 1

Explain why young people experiment with drugs.

Answer 1

• Peer pressure: a lot of young people start taking drugs because people in their peer group are taking them and there is a pressure to fit in.
• Curiosity: drugs are an issue that is often talked about in school and this can lead to a desire to experiment.
• Lifestyle: there are situations where drugs are considered to be more acceptable. For example, young people experiment with drugs in night clubs. In some areas where there is high unemployment and low wages, drug use also increases.
• Low cost: drugs can be cheaper than alcohol and the effects may last longer, so young people may see drugs as value for money.
• Rebellion: young people have been told by parents, school and charities how drugs are bad. Risk-taking is part of growing up and young people have a tendency to rebel during their teenage years.
• Pleasure: if a young person is under the impression that a drug makes them ‘feel good’, they are going to be inclined to take it.
• Availability: many young people know where to get illegal drugs. This can make it difficult to say no. Legal drugs – for example, alcohol and nicotine – are very accessible.
• Stress: young people can become stressed by school, parents and bullying. Some may want to escape their stressful situations and may experiment with drugs to make them feel good.

Question 2

What does the term ‘social health’ mean?

Answer 2

Social health is concerned with how you interact with other people and how you can make and maintain relationships.

Question 3

List some possible physical effects of stress

Answer 3

• Shallow breathing
• Tired all the time
• Grinding teeth at night
• Headaches
• High blood pressure
• Indigestion
• Dizziness or feeling faint

Question 4

What are the economic costs associated with alcohol misuse?

Answer 4

• Alcohol-related accidents and treatment plans for addicts cost the health service millions every year
• Increased policing as a result of binge drinking is expensive
• Business profits may be hit if workers are less productive due to the impact of excess drinking.

Question 5

What are the consequences of too much sugar in the diet?

Answer 5

• Tooth decay
• Weight gain or obesity
• Mood swings

Question 6

Suggest how a person with stress may behave

Answer 6

• Find it difficult to make decisions
• Avoid situations that are troubling
• Snap at people
• Bite nails
• Pick skin
• Unable to concentrate

Question 7

What is meant by the term ‘junk food’?

Answer 7

Food that is low in nutritional value and high in calories.

Question 8

What are the associated impacts of low income?

Answer 8

Lower-income could result in low-quality housing
leading to illnesses,
including respiratory
illnesses
∙ People on low incomes may work long hours to get more money. This leaves less time to visit the doctor if they are ill, which can then lead to
more severe illnesses which will involve time off work
∙ Infant mortality rates tend to be higher in low-income families. Many cannot afford transportation so miss out on health checks after birth
∙ Lack of job opportunities due to not being able to afford transport or clothing for interviews

Question 9

Suggest some possible consequences of depression

Answer 9

• Sadness and feeling weepy
• Numbness, tiredness and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
• Loss of appetite or eating for comfort
• Feeling that you cannot cope
• Asking yourself what the point of living is
• Social and family withdrawal
• Decreased performance at work or school
• Self-injury or suicide
• Can feel like a physical disorder because it is so exhausting
• Substance use and abuse which can lead to addiction

Question 10

What are the associated impacts of high stress levels?

Answer 10

∙ Difficulty concentrating and lack of sleep can decrease performance and
productivity at work/ school ∙ Irritability could result in a person snapping at peers
and family, causing social
isolation
∙ Increase in consumption of alcohol or cigarettes to cope ∙ Increase of sick days
resulting in missing school and lowering grades
∙ Lower self-esteem and self worth due to skin problems or weight gain

Question 11

What is meant by the term ‘convenience food’?

Answer 11

Food which is processed and is designed for quick and easy consumption e.g. ready meals, noodle pots.

Question 12

Name 3 factors which can improve an individual’s social health.

Answer 12

• Talking to family and peers often
• Treating others in the way you would like to be treated
• Trying to be positive when talking to people
• Engaging in a new social situation to meet new people
• Learning to accept constructive criticism
• Developing conversational skills
• Developing positive body language
• Actively listening to people and responding to what they have to say

Question 13

Explain three consequences of experimenting with drugs

Answer 13

• SCHOOL: If the mind is impaired by drug abuse it can prevent a person from concentrating in class. When taking drugs, a person may feel less responsibility and so be more prone to skip class, miss deadlines, fail to complete homework and not care if grades fall.
• RELATIONSHIPS: Drug users can become withdrawn, or prone to mood swings, or may lie and refuse to accept they have a problem. This may lead to conflict with friends and family.
• PHYSICAL INJURIES: As drugs impair the mind, a person might do things they normally would not, increasing the chances of an accident. Some drugs increase the likelihood of violent behaviour which can lead to serious injury to a person and those around them.
• PREGNANCY AND STDs: Someone under the influence of a drug might forget to have safe sex. Unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy or the spread of STDs like HIV/AIDS.
• SAFETY: Being under the influence of drugs could increase the chances of being in a dangerous situation. The effects of some drugs can cause a person to do things they might not usually do. They may also be putting themselves at risk of overdosing. Buying drugs or trying to get the money to buy drugs can also put a person at risk.
• RISK OF DISEASES: Sharing needles from injecting certain types of drugs can put you at risk of diseases like hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV. These diseases are spread through the transmission of body fluids like blood.
• MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES: Users may feel depressed after using some drugs, including alcohol. Users may think that certain drugs will help them relax and forget about stresses but long-term drug use can impact on the way your brain works, and lead to increased anxiety. There is a link between drug use and serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
• EMPLOYMENT: Drug use can affect a person’s ability to concentrate at work. The side effects of using drugs, like a hangover or a ‘coming down’ feeling, can reduce a person’s ability to focus. Poor performance at work could lead to a person losing their job.
• HOMELESSNESS: Spending money on drugs might not leave much money to cover living expenses like rent, food or utility bills. If a person cannot pay these costs, they could lose their home or have it repossessed.
• ADDICTION: A user could become dependent on drugs, feeling like they cannot operate without drugs in their system. They might also have withdrawal symptoms when they stop using the drug. If they use drugs often, their tolerance to the drug might increase, causing them to need to take a greater amount to get the same effects.
• COST TO SOCIETY: People who are addicted to drugs might commit crimes like theft to secure money to feed their habit, which harms the victims of crime. Illness related to drug abuse costs the NHS millions of pounds each year. Absenteeism from work as a result of drug use affects business productivity.
• LEGAL ISSUES: Making, selling or possessing illegal drugs is against the law. It is also against the law to give prescription drugs to people who do not have a prescription from a doctor. Punishments for breaking these laws include having to go to court which might result in being sent to jail, having to pay hefty fines, or enter a rehabilitation programme.

Question 14

How can depressants affect the body?

Answer 14

Depressants are often prescribed by the doctor as they help reduce feelings of anxiety, panic and stress. They can make a person feel calmer and help induce sleep by slowing down the nervous system and brain activity. However, depressants can be abused and side effects can include clumsiness, dizziness, slurred speech and confusion. In severe cases they have been known to cause loss of consciousness and even death.

Question 15

Name 3 ways an individual’s physical health can be improved.

Answer 15

• Eating a balanced diet
• Regular exercise
• Avoiding smoking, drugs and excessive use of alcohol
• Use sun protection cream on your skin
• Having good social and emotional health.

Question 16

Name 3 factors that can have a negative impact on an individual’s social health.

Answer 16

• Not practising face-to-face skills – for example, spending most of your time in front of the computer
• Family pressure or commitments do not allow for much socialising – for example, caring for a sick relative
• Being bullied or feeling threatened
• Low self-esteem and self-confidence
• Heavy workload can limit the time people can spend socialising
• Low income may mean that people cannot afford to socialise or are too embarrassed to invite people around to their home if it appears deprived.

Question 17

What disease is a deficiency in Calcium?

Answer 17

Brittle bones

Question 18

What are the effects of smoking on an individual’s physical health?

Answer 18

• Brain
  Nicotine, the drug that makes tobacco addictive, makes you feel good when you are smoking, but it can make you anxious, nervous, moody and depressed afterward.
• Eyes and Ears
  Smoking can cause eye problems and even blindness. Smoking is also linked to hearing loss.
• Mouth and Teeth
  Tobacco makes your teeth yellow and gives you bad breath. It can also cause gum disease and mouth cancer.
• Skin and Hair
  Smoking causes people to get wrinkles and lose hair at a younger age.
• Throat
  Cigarettes, cigars and smokeless tobacco can cause cancer of the throat and larynx. It can also cause gum disease and mouth cancer.
• Muscles and Joints
  Smoking keeps oxygen from getting to muscles, making you feel weak. It can also increase the risk of rheumatoid arthritis.
• Heart
  Nicotine narrows blood vessels. This forces your heart to work harder and raises blood pressure. Smoking can block arteries, causing heart attacks and strokes.
• Lungs
  The tar in cigarettes increases the risk of lung cancer. Smoking is also a major cause of bronchitis and emphysema.
• Other Organs
  Smoking increases the risk of cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and reproductive organs.

Question 19

Name 4 benefits of eating a balanced diet.

Answer 19

• A stronger immune system
• Improved control of weight
• Healthy body growth
• Beneficial for good emotional health.

Question 20

What does the term ‘physical health’ mean?

Answer 20

Physical health refers to the physical state of the body - when all body parts and organs function correctly.

Question 21

How can opiates affect the body?

Answer 21

Opiates come from the poppy plant. They are a very powerful drug that can be prescribed by the doctor for pain relief – for example, morphine. However, if opiates are abused – for example, using heroin – there can be many side effects. These include: feelings of euphoria, dry mouth, vomiting, weak muscles, decreased appetite and thirst, a reduction in heart rate and brain activity and a reduction in breathing rate. Over time, the body can become tolerant of and dependant on the drug and require more to receive desired results.

Question 22

What are the positive and negative effects of coffee/tea (caffeine)?

Answer 22

Positive - Reduces tiredness, Increases alertness, Contains antioxidants which are good for the heart

Negative - Leads to dependency, Can cause restlessness; increased urine production causing dehydration; irregular heartbeats; increased blood pressure

Question 23

What are the associated impacts of poor work / life balance?

Answer 23

∙ Breakdown of family
relationships as work is
always a priority
∙ Workload increase - the more hours a person works at the office and the more consistently it occurs, the
more work a person will
receive which will further
worsen the work/ life
balance
∙ Low levels of job satisfaction resulting in stress and
depression

Question 24

What is an addiction?

Answer 24

Addiction is when a person does not have control over doing, taking or using something to the point where it could be harmful. E.g. gambling, drugs, alcohol and nicotine, social media.

Question 25

What are the causes of poor work/ life balance?

Answer 25

∙ Increased working hours ∙ Increased workload ∙ Poor time management skills ∙ Taking work home to do/ finish ∙ Pressure from management

Question 26

Explain three reasons why young people drink alcohol

Answer 26

Availability: alcohol is widely available. Some shops, pubs and off licenses are not as strict as they should be when it comes to asking for an ID so it can be easy for a minor to get their hands on alcohol. People who are legally allowed to buy alcohol could purchase alcohol for younger people. Advertising: advertising alcohol is still legal in the UK. Drink adverts can be seen on TV, billboards, posters and magazines. Packaging: alcohol packaging does not carry health warnings and young people tend not to stop and think about the dangers of alcohol. Alcohol packaging is becoming more and more attractive to young buyers. Alcopops come in a range of colours and flavours which can be eye-catching to young people. Home Environment: the home is a place where young people learn to drink. Parental attitudes to alcohol affect whether or not a young person chooses to drink when they are under eighteen. Culture: young people are growing up in a ‘binge-drinking’ culture. Young people’s views on alcohol and drunkenness are influenced more and more by culture. If they see others drinking, they are more likely to engage in the activity themselves. Peer Pressure: young people may be influenced by their friends encouraging or pressurising them to drink. Price: promotions such as happy hours or buy one get one free coupled with prices as low as 14p per unit of alcohol have led to government debates about whether alcohol being too cheap encourages young people to drink.

Question 27

What are the consequences of poor hygiene?

Answer 27

* Body odour which could lead to social isolation and loneliness * Bad breath and dental problems leading to low self-confidence and self-esteem * Illnesses due to transportation of germs and infections * Boils due to build-up of skin bacteria, lowering self-confidence * Body lice

Question 28

What are the consequences of poor work / life balance?

Answer 28

∙ Exhaustion: when you work long hours frequently, you end up suffering from physical and mental exhaustion ∙ Absence: you may miss important family events, causing feelings of guilt which can lead to anxiety and mental health problems ∙ No friendships: by spending all of your time focused on your career, you do not dedicate time to nurturing and growing friendships, causing social isolation and related mental health issues ∙ Stress

Question 29

Explain three things which can impact an individual's physical health.

Answer 29

Illness - Illness affects the way your body functions. Young children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to illness and poor physical health. Diet- Your body needs different vitamins and minerals to function. e.g. a lack of calcium could lead to osteoporosis. Economic Factors - Processed foods which tend to be high in sugar and fat and are produced in bulk are cheaper to buy compared to fresh, organic ingredients. Environment - There is a direct link between air quality and respiratory illnesses, such as asthma; long-term exposure to UV rays from the sun can cause skin cancer etc. Exercise - Exercise has many physical, emotional and social health benefits (see the section on exercise later in this booklet). Genes - The genetic make-up of our bodies affects our physical appearance and well-being. Our genes are inherited from both parents; certain diseases such as cystic fibrosis can be inherited. Parents - In our early lives parents determine the food we eat and influence our lifestyles and attitudes to physical health. School - Good physical health is encouraged in subjects such as Home Economics and PE as well as schools providing the option of healthy food at lunchtime. Local Community - Some local councils plan for ‘green areas’ and parks. However, some communities have little to do and as a result young people can turn to alcohol and drugs out of boredom.

Question 30

What is a drug?

Answer 30

A drug is any substance that affects how the body or mind works. Drugs are not always illegal substances such as cannabis or cocaine. Many drugs which are legal can still be dangerous – for example, alcohol and tobacco.

Question 31

What are the long-term effects of drinking alcohol on an individual's physical health?

Answer 31

Binge drinking and continued alcohol use in large amounts are associated with many health problems, including: - Permanent damage to the brain - Nerve damage - Emotional health issues such as depression - Cancer of the mouth and throat - High blood pressure, stroke and other heart-related diseases - Alcohol poisoning - Liver disease - Vitamin B1 deficiency, which can lead to a disorder characterised by amnesia, apathy and disorientation - Ulcers - Gastritis (inflammation of stomach walls) - Malnutrition - Impotence - Fertility Issues

Question 32

Give some reasons why some people should not eat junk food or fast food.

Answer 32

* Low nutritional value * Can be addictive * Unknown nutritional content * Desire to lose weight * Desire to eat a balanced diet * Desire to learn how to cook

Question 33

What are the long-term and short-term consequences of high stress levels?

Answer 33

Short-term ∙ Headache ∙ Fatigue ∙ Difficulty sleeping ∙ Difficulty concentrating ∙ Upset stomach ∙ Irritability Long-term ∙ Depression ∙ High blood pressure ∙ Abnormal heartbeat ∙ Hardening of the arteries ∙ Heart disease ∙ Heart attack ∙ Heartburn, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome ∙ Upset stomach – cramps, constipation, and diarrhoea ∙ Weight gain or loss ∙ Flare-ups of asthma or arthritis ∙ Skin problems: acne, eczema and psoriasis

Question 34

What impact does exercise have on an individual's emotional health?

Answer 34

Physical activity helps get rid of stress and aggression in a harmless way. Success in physical activity or sport can improve self-confidence and self-esteem. It can give you something to aim for, provide a challenge and increase motivation. People who exercise tend to be more optimistic and happy compared to those who do not and therefore emotional health can increase. If you are physically healthy and illness-free due to exercise, you are more likely to be energised, upbeat and in a better mood.

Question 35

List some possible causes of depression

Answer 35

Bereavement, money worries, illness, relationship breakdown, alcohol and drugs, family history, redundancy, abuse, loneliness, giving birth.

Question 36

Name some reasons why some people eat junk food / fast food?

Answer 36

* Taste * Low cost * Readily available * Extensive advertising * Quick or no preparation time * Can be part of a social event

Question 37

Suggest how a person with stress may feel

Answer 37

- Irritable - Overburdened - Anxious - Afraid - Racing thoughts

Question 38

What are the consequences of too much salt in the diet?

Answer 38

- High blood pressure - A stroke

Question 39

What are the effects of solvents?

Answer 39

Feelings of euphoria can be experienced Instant death, Hallucinations, Disorientation, Unpredictable behaviour, Blurred vision, Black-outs, Slurred speech, Heart, liver and kidney damage, Brain damage

Question 40

What are the impacts of poor hygiene on physical and mental health?

Answer 40

* A feeling of low self-esteem plus low self-worth leads to depression * Social problems: a bad smell from your body, tooth decay or dirty and unhygienic clothing may cause issues finding a date or making friends, resulting in isolation * Employment troubles: due to the above, it may be difficult to find a job or hold on to a current job, resulting in financial worries

Question 41

Explain some ways a person could deal with stress

Answer 41

- identify the triggers and try to avoid or limit these triggers as much as possible - plan out their time, stick to a schedule or to-do list, and avoid distractions - address the cause of stress: if they have too much work to do, they could speak to the teacher or employer about the pressures - accept the things that cannot be changed: it might not be easy but it will allow a person to focus on things that they might actually be able to do something about - seek out complementary therapies: message and reflexology can help people to de-stress and remain calm - talk to a GP: a GP who could refer them for talking treatments or medication.

Question 42

Give an example of an opiates.

Answer 42

* Heroin * Morphine * Codeine

Question 43

Give an example of a stimulant.

Answer 43

* Caffeine * Ecstasy * Cocaine * Nicotine

Question 44

How can hallucinogens affect the body?

Answer 44

Hallucinogens affect the senses and alter the drug user’s perception. People taking hallucinogenic drugs may see, feel or hear things that in reality are not there and may have little concept of speed and distance. Hallucinations can have an effect on the user’s mood – for example, a ‘bad trip’ could terrorise their thoughts. Short-term side effects include increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, memory loss and itching, Long-term side effects include flashbacks, impaired thinking, outbursts of violence and mood swings.

Question 45

Name possible ways to deal with anxiety

Answer 45

- talking to someone: this can help alleviate the worries and fears - a trusted person can provide reassurance - breathing exercises: breathing properly can limit the chance of developing a panic attack - shifting focus: listening to music or doing exercise can distract a person’s mind and release endorphins - thinking positively: by thinking things will be okay, that the anxious feelings will pass, can help manage anxiety - keeping a record of events: keeping a diary of bouts of anxiety could help identify triggers - complementary therapies: massage and reflexology can improve sleep and reduce symptoms of anxiety - seeking professional help: a GP could prescribe medication or refer someone for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) where the patient can learn to recognise and modify negative thought patterns - joining a support group: this gives an opportunity to share experiences with others facing similar challenges.

Question 46

Explain the benefits of exercise on an individual's physical health.

Answer 46

Short-term * Burns excess calories * Improves sleep * Increases flexibility * Increases energy levels * Increases blood flow to the brain, which improves concentration * Increases body temperature which stimulates glands, nerves, joints and the circulatory system Long-term * Improves body shape, muscle, tone and posture * Stronger bones and muscles * Increases stamina, endurance, balance * Stronger immune system * Reduces the risk of certain illnesses including coronary heart disease * Reduces blood pressure * Decreases ‘bad’ cholesterol * Helps control weight * Prevents premature ageing

Question 47

What are the positive and negative effects of paracetamol?

Answer 47

Positive - reduces pain, can reduce body temperature Negative - Overdoses can be fatal, Liver damage after prolonged use, Other side effects are rare but can include: skin rashes; blood disorders; swollen pancreas; diarrhoea; vomiting

Question 48

What are the short-term effects of alcohol on an individual's physical health?

Answer 48

ired judgement - Decreased perception and co-ordination - Unconsciousness - Headaches - Coma - Blackouts (memory lapses, where the drinker cannot remember events that occurred while under the influence) - Distorted vision and hearing - Slurred speech - Drowsiness - Breathing difficulties - Anaemia - Vomiting - Upset stomach - Diarrhoea

Question 49

What are the causes of low income?

Answer 49

∙ No job ∙ Low-paying job ∙ Single-parent family

Question 50

List 5 reasons why a young person may decide to smoke.

Answer 50

- Experimentation - They enjoy it - Curiosity - Media influence - To fit in - To appear more mature - To deal with stress - To look cool - Rebellion - Peer pressure

Question 51

What does the term 'balanced diet' mean?

Answer 51

A balanced diet means eating the right foods and correct nutrients in the right quantities, and eating at regular times.

Question 52

What is meant by the term 'fast food'?

Answer 52

Fast food is food that is prepared and served quickly. It is typically cheap to buy and is usually bought from a takeaway e.g. McDonald’s.

Question 53

What are the consequences of too much fat in the diet?

Answer 53

- High blood cholesterol which can cause heart disease - Fatty food can damage the pancreas and lead to diabetes

Question 54

What disease is a deficiency in Iron?

Answer 54

Anaemia

Question 55

What are the effects of drinking alcohol?

Answer 55

- Can make you feel more relaxed - Can make you feel more confident - Is a depressant - Can be addictive - Lowers inhibitions - Slows reactions - Can cause: slurred speech; nausea; alcohol poisoning; dehydration; loss of consciousness; infertility; obesity; brain damage; liver damage

Question 56

What impact does exercise have on an individual's social health?

Answer 56

Being physically and emotionally healthy can allow a person to participate in exercise activities. Exercising helps you to meet new people and make friends, especially if you join a sports team, gym or exercise class, which can help you learn and develop new skills – for example, teamwork and co-operation – as well as giving you a sense of belonging. All these factors can help contribute to a more socially healthy person.

Question 57

Explain one consequence of overeating.

Answer 57

- Can lead to obesity - excess body fat - because your body is taking in more calories than it is burning, and this is stored as fat.

Question 58

List possible causes of stress

Answer 58

Many of life’s demands can cause stress – exams, financial worries or life changes such as moving to university.

Question 59

What are the five main food groups on the Eatwell Plate?

Answer 59

* Bread, cereal (including breakfast cereals) and potatoes (starchy foods) * Fruit (including fresh fruit juice) and vegetables * Meat and fish * Milk and dairy foods * Fat and sugar.

Question 60

Explain at least 3 ways someone may deal with depression

Answer 60

- Stay in touch with family and friends: socialising can improve the mood of someone who is depressed and means that there will be someone there to listen when the person is feeling particularly low. - Be active: as exercise releases endorphins, it can improve a person’s mood. - Face fears: by facing up to difficult situations, in time, the situation will become easier to cope with. - Avoid alcohol: alcohol is a depressant and will make the problem worse. Becoming reliant on alcohol can lead to addiction. - Eating a healthy diet: some people do not feel like eating when they are depressed and are at risk of being underweight. Others find comfort in food and can put on excess weight. Anti-depressants can also affect appetite. Eating healthily will allow the body to be physically healthy which can promote well-being. - Have a routine: when people feel down, they can get into poor sleep patterns, staying up late and sleeping during the day. They should try to get up at their normal time and stick to their routine as much as possible. This will allow social interaction, which can promote emotional well-being. - Visit a GP: the GP may set out treatment plans which could include talking therapies, anti-depressants and self-help. - Helplines: examples such as the Samaritans are available for 24-hour confidential, non-judgemental emotional support.

Question 61

Explain three factors than can affect an individual's emotional health.

Answer 61

- Parental difficulties: family arguments, separation and divorce may lead to people becoming stressed and feeling vulnerable. - Moving school or house: any big change can be particularly stressful. Losing contact with friends and familiar surroundings may cause feelings of anxiousness, loneliness and, in extreme cases, can result in depression and suicidal feelings. - Loss of friendship: a loss of a friend will leave a gap in someone’s life which can lead to depression or anxiety. - Bereavement: adapting to such a life-changing event can take many years. Anger, denial, guilt, fear of the unknown, depression and anxiety are just some of many emotions a bereaved person may feel. - Loss of job: losing a job can generate feelings of uselessness, inadequacy, shame and anger. As a result of losing a job, a person may develop money worries which can contribute to stress.

Question 62

What are the 4 categories of drugs?

Answer 62

Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens and Opiates.

Question 63

What are the consequences of anxiety?

Answer 63

Physical: nausea; tense muscles and headaches; fast breathing; irregular heartbeats; difficulty sleeping; stomach churning. Mental: feeling tense, nervous and on edge; having a sense of dread; feeling your mind is busy with thoughts; dwelling on negative experiences; feeling numb; feeling restless.

Question 64

What disease is a deficiency in Vitamin C?

Answer 64

Scurvy

Question 65

How can alcohol misuse impact on work/ school performance?

Answer 65

* Increased absences: due to hangovers or binge drinking days * Accidents * Reduced productivity: performance at work may be affected. Colleagues/ other students may become hostile due to lack of effort. * Disciplinary action or even dismissal or expulsion: this leaves the affected person with reduced income, possible debt and little or no formal education.

Question 66

Explain three ways an individual's emotional health can be improved by.

Answer 66

- Changing jobs: starting fresh in a new job can give feelings of accomplishment and self-worth as well as the sense of leaving old stresses behind. - Forming a new friendship: having someone new to talk to and share feelings with can lessen the burden of stress. - Being physically active, maintaining a balanced diet, having a healthy work/life balance and sleeping well. - Developing a new skill: can allow the person to feel a sense of achievement and give someone a more positive outlook. - Talking about problems: can help overcome them by visiting a GP, counselling, psychotherapy and complementary therapies. - Joining a club or society: can create a sense of belonging and purpose. It allows a person to be more sociable and may take their mind off any problems.

Question 67

How can stimulants affect the body?

Answer 67

Stimulants can speed up the central nervous system and brain activity. They often make you feel more alert, lively, talkative, confident and euphoric. They postpone feelings of tiredness and are popular among clubbers. When the effects start to wear off, people may become tired, irritable, have mood swings and become restless. These feelings could tempt people into taking the drug again and so beginning a cycle of drug taking.

Question 68

What does the term 'emotional health' mean?

Answer 68

Emotional health is how you feel, think, act and how you are able to cope with life in general.

Question 69

What does the word 'exercise' mean?

Answer 69

Exercise is an activity or an effort whereby people aim to improve physical fitness and overall health.

Question 70

What are some causes of high stress levels?

Answer 70

∙ Being unhappy in a job/ school ∙ Having a heavy workload or too much responsibility ∙ Working long hours or under dangerous conditions ∙ Giving speeches to colleagues/ peers ∙ Facing discrimination or bullying at work/ school ∙ Death of a loved one ∙ Divorce ∙ Loss of a job ∙ Increase in financial obligations ∙ Getting married ∙ Moving to a new home ∙ Chronic illness or injury ∙ Emotional problems (depression, anxiety, grief) ∙ Taking care of an elderly or sick family member ∙ Traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, theft, rape

Question 71

Give an example of an hallucinogen.

Answer 71

* LSD * Magic Mushrooms * Ketamine

Question 72

Explain at least 3 ways someone might deal with an addiction?

Answer 72

- Tell friends about their decision to stop the addictive habit. The friends will provide accountability and support. - Ask friends or family to be available when they are needed. An addict might need to call someone in the middle of the night to talk about their urges. - Accept invitations only to events where there is no chance of relapse. Addicts should avoid situations where others will be engaging in an activity which is considered dangerous for an addict. - Have a plan about what to do if in a place of temptation. Addicts should establish a plan with parents, siblings or other supportive friends and adults to help remove them from the situation. - Go to “rehab”: GPs can refer addicts to a rehabilitation centre for specialised treatment. - Seek help from drug and alcohol services: * The National Drug Helpline * Drinkline * Talk to FRANK * Alcoholics Anonymous * Narcotics Anonymous * Alcohol Concern.

Question 73

What are the risks associated with obesity?

Answer 73

- Coronary heart disease - High blood pressure - Type 2 diabetes - Wearing away of joints - Gallstones - Reduced mobility - Depression - Premature death

Question 74

How can alcohol misuse impact on family relationships?

Answer 74

* Drinking can lead to an increase in arguments, accidents and violence within the home * Children can suffer from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome if a mother drinks while pregnant * Parental drinking can lead to child abuse and impact a child’s social development * A drinker within a family can cause emotional health problems for other members of the family – fear, anxiety and depression * The financial costs of alcohol purchases and loss of wages due to the effects of alcohol can mean that the entire family suffers financially and may have to exclude themselves from social occasions.

Question 75

What are the some possible causes of poor hygiene?

Answer 75

* Depression * Dementia * Physical Disability * Lack of support at home * Neglected by a parent/ carer * Teenage rebellion * Chronic illnesses

Question 76

What are the possible causes of anxiety?

Answer 76

- stress at work or school - financial pressures - emotional trauma such as death of a loved one - experiencing a serious medical illness - a side effect of a medication

Question 77

What are the effects of mushrooms?

Answer 77

May make you feel euphoric, confident and relaxed Can cause: hallucinations; colour and shape distortions; nausea; diarrhoea; dizziness; paranoia; flashbacks; accidental death or suicide; psychological dependence, Tolerance quickly develops

Question 78

What are the consequences of low income?

Answer 78

∙ A person can only afford to buy cheaper goods, which are often less healthy. Lack of a balanced diet can result in illnesses and deficiencies ∙ Low income can lead to stress and depression due to constant financial worries ∙ Having a low income usually excludes a person from such things as gym memberships or complementary therapies resulting in illnesses and lower life expectancies ∙ People with low incomes often live in areas that have levels of pollution that cause illness

Question 79

What are the effects of ecstasy?

Answer 79

Will feel alert and energetic, Feelings or euphoria can be experienced Interferes with the body’s ability to control temperature and dehydration, Prevents the body getting rid of water, Increases breathing rate and heart rate, Emotions are more intense, Can cause: increased blood pressure; sleep problems; mental illness; mood swings; liver and kidney problems; blood clots; psychological dependence

Question 80

Give an example of a depressant.

Answer 80

* Alcohol * Cannabis * Tranquillisers

Question 81

What are the effects of nicotene in cigarettes?

Answer 81

- Increases alertness - Can help relaxation - Highly addictive - Expensive - Can cause: lung and throat cancer; reduced fertility; respiratory illnesses; gum disease; high blood pressure; premature ageing

Question 82

What are the effects of cannabis?

Answer 82

Can make you feel sociable, Can make you feel relaxed, Gives pain relief Affects short-term memory, Brings on food cravings, Can cause: paranoia; lack of energy; negative mood changes; anxiety; depression, When smoked with tobacco can cause cancer and heart disease