Personaility Flashcards
Sigmud Freud
the id - impulses and urges
the ego - mediator between the demanding id and the real world
Superego - tells us what we should and should not do
Carl Jung
Argued for libido (psychic energy) as a life force
Collective unconscious (memories) is responsible for our innate tendencies
We develop degrees of introversion (own experiences) and extraversion (social experiences)
Alfred Adler
As individuals, we strive for superiority and fulfilment
Meeting needs socially is important
Personality traits
quantitative differences among people, such as how much of a certain characteristic they have
Personality type
involve qualitative differences (possessing a certain characteristic).
Five-factor personality model
Raymond Cattell
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness (efficient, organisaed)
- extraversion (active, outgoing)
- agreeableness (forgiving, appreciative)
- neuroticism (anxious, self pitting)
Eysenck’s Biological Trait Theory
Introversion–extraversion – extraverts are sociable, Introverts are quie
Emotionality–stability – characteristics as moodiness, restlessness, worry, anxiety and other negative emotions vs calm, even-tempered, relaxed and emotionally stable.
- believes variations in personality characteristics can be traced to difference in NS, brains.
Jeffrey Gray’s
Behavioural approach system (BAS)
affects people’s sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek these rewards.
Jeffrey Gray’s
Behavioural inhibition system, (BIS)
The BIS affects how sensitive people are to punishment
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
internals are inclined to expect events to be controlled by their own efforts -
externals are more inclined to expect events to be determined by external forces over which they have no control. When externals succeed, they are likely to believe that their success was due to chance or luck.
Bandura and Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura regards personality as being shaped by the ways in which thoughts, behaviour and the environment influence one another.
Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Theory
Cognitive person variable
encodings – beliefs about the world and other people
expectancies – including self-efficacy and what can be expected following various actions
affects – feelings and emotions
goals and values – what a person believes in and wants to achieve
competencies and self-regulatory plans – the things a person can do and the ability to thoughtfully plan and control goal-directed behaviour
humanistic approach
The humanistic approach to personality focuses on mental capabilities that set humans apart – self-awareness, creativity, planning, decision-making and responsibility
Rogers’ Self Theory
Carl Rogers emphasised the actualising tendency, which he described as an innate inclination towards growth and fulfilment that motivates all human behaviour and is expressed in a unique way by each individual
Congruent and Incongruent Reactions
- Evaluations by parents and teachers affect children’s self-evaluations. When these evaluations are in agreement with a child’s own self-evaluations, the child reacts in a way that matches, or is congruent with, self-experience.
Maslow’s Growth Theory
regarded personality as the expression of a basic human tendency towards growth and self-actualisation.
Deficiency motivation - the preoccupation with perceived needs for material things, especially things they do not have.
Growth motivation - do not focus on what is missing but draw satisfaction from what they have, what they are and what they can do
