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Persian Wars Flashcards

1
Q

Which Greek regions had been under Persian rule since the 6th century?

A

Cyprus and Asia Minor

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2
Q

What did Darius add to the Persian empire in the first 10 years of his rule?

A

Islands and cities in the east and north Aegean

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3
Q

Where did the Persians unsuccessfully invade in 499?

A

Naxos

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4
Q

What did the Persians’ failed invasion of Naxos lead to?

A

Cities in Asia Minor and Cyprus to rebel from Persian rule (the Ionian Revolt)

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5
Q

Where did Mardonius lead a campaign in 492?

A

Northern Greece

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6
Q

What was the ‘official’ objective of Mardonius’ campaign in 492?

A

To punish Athens and Eretria for sending ships to assist the Ionian Revolt

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7
Q

What suggested that Mardonius’ campaign had a different objective?

A

The invasion started north of Athens and Eretria

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8
Q

What does Herodotus say the Persians’ real objective of Mardonius’ campaign in 492 was?

A

To conquer as many Greek states as possible

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9
Q

What happened to Mardonius’ campaign in 492?

A

The fleet was wrecked off Mount Athos

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10
Q

What did Mardonius’ campaign in 492 achieve?

A

They captured the wealthy island of Thasos

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11
Q

What did Darius demand of the Greek states in 491?

A

Earth and water or to contribute to the invasion force if they were already under Persian control

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12
Q

Who medised in 491?

A

Many cities on the mainland and all of the islands

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13
Q

What were the main threats of Greeks medising?

A

They added to the Persians’ already superior numbers and provided them with knowledge of the land and cities

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14
Q

What happened to Darius’ heralds in Athens and Sparta and why was this unusual?

A

They were killed, heralds were usually given sacred protection

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15
Q

Why was Athens so opposed to the Persians?

A

The tyrant they had expelled, Hippias, had gone over to the Persians and wanted them to reinstate him in Athens

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16
Q

Who did Darius replace Mardonius with for the invasion in 490?

A

Datis and Atraphrenes

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17
Q

Which 3 cities did the Persians visit first in 490 and how were they treated differenetly?

A

Naxos, Delos and Eretria, Naxos and Eretria were sacked and their temples burnt but Delos was left untouched

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18
Q

Why did the Persians treat Delos differently?

A

Because it was the birthplace of two gods and had done Persia no harm

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19
Q

Who aided Athens in the Battle of Marathon in 490?

A

The Plataeans

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20
Q

Who else did the Athenians ask to help them at the Battle of Marathon in 490?

A

The Spartans

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21
Q

Why did the Spartans not help the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490?

A

They wanted to but couldn’t leave Sparta because of a religious festival

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22
Q

Who advised the Persians to land at Marathon?

A

Hippias

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23
Q

Why did Hippias advise the Persians to land at Marathon?

A

It was good for their horses

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24
Q

What did the 10 Athenian generals sent to Marathon disagree on?

A

Whether to fight immediately for wait for Sparta

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25
How long did both sides wait at the Battle of Marathon in 490?
10 days
26
Who convinced the Athenians to fight the Persians sooner rather than later?
Miltiades
27
What were Miltiades main reasons for fighting the Persians sooner rather than later?
If they didn't stop Persia now, Greece would be lost, and if they built the unfavourable odds they would be admired
28
What did the Greeks do at the Battle of Marathon to avoid encirclement?
Thinned their centre to reinforce their wings
29
What did the Greeks do for the first time at the Battle of Marathon which surprised the Persians?
They immediately charged forwards
30
What happened during the Battle of Marathon in 490?
The Persians broke through the Greek centre but were surrounded by their reinforced wings
31
What did the Persians do after losing at the Battle of Marathon?
They sailed around Attica to attack Athens directly
32
Why did the Persians return home instead of attacking Athens?
They Athenians had somehow made it to Athens before them and they gave up
33
What is strange about Herodotus' account of the Battle of Marathon in 490?
There is no mention of the Persian's horses
34
What did the Spartans do after their religious festival ended?
They sent troops to Marathon and surveyed the dead Persians' armour and weapons
35
How did Darius respond to the defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490?
He wanted to send another larger invasion
36
What stopped Darius from sending a second invasion force to Greece?
A rebellion in Egypt and his death in 486
37
How does Xerxes prepare for the invasion of 480?
He bridges the Hellespont and builds a canal through Mount Athos to ensure the Persians are well-supplied
38
How does Athens prepare for the invasion of 480?
Themistocles convinces them to spend the windfall from their silver mines on ships as per the 'wooden walls' oracle
39
Roughly how many Greek states chose to resist the Persians?
30
40
At the first meeting of the Hellenic League, what did the Greek states agree to do?
End conflict between themselves, send spies to track Persian activity and try to recruit more Greeks to the cause
41
Who provided the military leadership for the Hellenic League and why?
Sparta, they were already the leader of the Peloponnesian League (and no one wanted Athens to lead)
42
What setback did the Greeks face before the Battle of Thermopylae in 480?
They had to withdraw from Thessaly because the Thessalians had gone over to the Persians
43
Why did the Greeks choose to meet the Persians at Thermopylae?
The pass was very narrow so would restrict the Persian troops
44
What did the Greek forces disagree on before the Battle of Thermopylae in 480?
The Peloponnese wanted to withdraw home because they thought it would be easier to defend; the others didn't want to abandon their cities to the Persians (e.g. Locrians and Phocians)
45
What did the Greeks decide to do before the Battle of Thermopylae?
Leonidas sent the Greeks away but the Thespians and Thebans stayed with the Spartans
46
What happened at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480?
300 Spartans, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans fought to the death and delayed the Persians
47
What was the Greek fleet doing during the Battle of Thermopylae in 480?
It was at Cape Artemisium to stop the Persians landing troops behind the Greeks
48
What happened to the fleet at Cape Artemisium?
There was a series of inconclusive naval engagements in the which the Greeks largely held their own
49
Where did the rest of the Greeks go after the Battle of Thermopylae in 480?
Salamis
50
What did the Greeks disagree on at Salamis?
Whether they should fight there or fall back to the Peloponnese
51
What did Themistocles argue for at Salamis and why?
To fight at Salamis, he feared the others would retreat home instead of fighting if they sailed to the Peloponnese
52
Why did Eurybiades give in to Themistocles at Salamis?
Themistocles threated to take the Athenians to Italy (Athens had been burnt by Persians) if they didn't fight at Salamis and the Greeks needed Athens' navy
53
What happened at the Battle of Salamis in 480?
The Greeks were victorious
54
What did the Persians do after the Battle of Salamis in 480?
They withdrew to northern Greece for the winter and sent the king of Macedon to offer the Athenians favourable terms
55
How did Athens respond to the Persians offer in the winter of 480?
They refused in the name of Greek unity
56
Who led the second half of Xerxes invasion in 479?
Mardonius
57
What did Mardonius do in the summer of 479 against the Thebans advice?
Marched straight to Athens
58
How did the Athenians respond to Mardonius' advance in 479?
They waited for the Spartans to lead the Greeks out against him then evacuated when this didn't happen
59
What were the Peloponnesians doing whilst Mardonius marched on Athens in 479?
Building a wall across the isthmus
60
What did the Athenians do after evacuating?
They asked the Spartans to lead the fight in Attica
61
What did the Phocians do before the Battle of Plataea in 479?
Defected to the Persians
62
What happened to the Phocians after they defected to the Persians?
The Thessalians convinced the Persians not to trust the Phocians and they turned against them
63
Who lead the Greeks at the Battle of Plataea in 479?
Pausanias
64
What happened at the Battle of Plataea in 479?
The Greeks were victorious and Mardonius was killed
65
Where did the Persians do after the Battle of Plataea in 479?
They withdrew to Cape Mycale, beached their ships and built a stockade
66
Who had asked the Greek fleet for help in 479 and what did they want help with?
Samian rebels had asked the Greeks to help them free the Ionians
67
What did Leotychides do when the Greeks reached Cape Mycale?
Loudly encouraged the Ionians to revolt and join the battle
68
How did the Persians respond to Leotychides encouraging the Ionians to revolt?
They disarmed the Samians and sent the Milesians far away
69
What did the Ionians do during the Battle of Mycale in 479?
Rebelled from Persia and join the Greeks
70
What happened at the Battle of Mycale in 479?
The Greeks were victorious and burnt the Persians' ships
71
Where did the Greeks go after the Battle of Mycale and for what purpose?
They went to Samos to discuss the future of Ionia
72
How did Sparta want to protect the Ionians from the Persians?
Re-settle them on the mainland
73
Who opposed Sparta's idea to re-settle the Ionians?
The Athenians
74
What was the outcome of the Greeks' discussion about protecting Ionia from Persia?
The Athenians won and the Aegean islands were brought into the Hellenic League

Ancient History Greece (4 decks)

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