Perrino

Question 1

What is end-diastole defined as?

Answer 1

First frame after mitral valve closure

OR

The frame in the cardiac cycle where the respective measurement is the largest

Question 2

What is end-systole defined as?

Answer 2

First frame after aortic valve opens

OR

The frame in the cardiac cycle where the respective measurement is the smallest

Question 3

What is endocardial fractional shortening formula?

Answer 3

[LVID diastole - LVID systole] / LVID diastole

Question 4

What is endocardial fractional shortening normal values? (include men and women)

Answer 4

Men 25-43%

Women 27-45%

Question 5

What is the equation for fractional area change?

Answer 5

[LVAd - LVAs] / LVAd

Question 6

What is the normal values for fractional area change?

Answer 6

>35%

Question 7

What is the rule for EF% estimates for FAC for:

Normal apex?
Hypokinesis?

Akinesis?

Dyskinesis?

Answer 7

Normal apex = Add 15%
Hypokinesis = Add 5-10%

Akinesis - Add zero 0%

Dyskinesis - Subtract 15%

Question 8

What is a normal ejection fraction in adults?

Answer 8

63 +/- 5%

Question 9

What is the technical term for alterations in frequency of the ultrasound signals caused by Doppler effect?

Answer 9

Modulation

Question 10

What is the doppler equation?

Answer 10

Change in Freq = v * cos (angle) * 2 [Frequency Transmitted] / c

Change in Freq = Difference between transmitted and received

v = Blood velocity

c = Speed of sound in blood 1540 m/sec

Angle = Angle of incidence between ultrasound beam and blood flow

Question 11

Fast Fournier analysis is applied to what?

Answer 11

ID the component frequencies of the Doppler shift equation

Question 12

What does demodulation identify?

Answer 12

Doppler shift

Question 13

What does time gating select?

Answer 13

Time gaating selects a defined distance from the transducer face

Question 14

PWD

CWD

How many crystals are used?

Answer 14

PWD = 1 crystal

CWD = 2 crystals

Question 15

What does modulation alter?

Answer 15

Alters frequency of the ultrasound signals

Question 16

Nyquist limit increases with:

What type of frequency and what time of imaging?

Answer 16

Nyquist limit increases with low frequency imaging and near field imaging

Question 17

What is the threshold in which PWD will likely alias?

Answer 17

> 1.4 m/sec

Question 18

What is normal Left Atrial Pressure?

Answer 18

6 - 12 mmHg

Question 19

What is the equation for Left Atrial Pressure using Bernoulli?

Answer 19

LAP = SBP - 4 (V_MR)²

Question 20

What is the formulaa for LVEDP?

Answer 20

DBP - 4 (Velocity _{Aortic Insufficiency end})²

Question 21

What is a normal range for LVEDP?

Answer 21

4 - 12 mmHg

Question 22

A propagation velocity of what value indicates normal?

Answer 22

>45 cm/sec

Question 23

A propagation velocity of what value indicates abnormal?

Answer 23

< 25 cm/sec

Question 24

A propagation velocity of < 25 cm/sec can say that you have what level of pressure elevation in the heart?

Answer 24

LVEDP> 15 mmHg

Question 25

A E / V_prop value of what correlates with elevated LVEDP?

Answer 25

E / V_prop > 2.0

Question 26

What E/E_a ratio is indicative of PCWP >20 mmHg and a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with LV Dysfunction and Acute MI?

Answer 26

E / Ea > 15