Perrino Flashcards
What is end-diastole defined as?
First frame after mitral valve closure
OR
The frame in the cardiac cycle where the respective measurement is the largest
What is end-systole defined as?
First frame after aortic valve opens
OR
The frame in the cardiac cycle where the respective measurement is the smallest
What is endocardial fractional shortening formula?
[LVID diastole - LVID systole] / LVID diastole
What is endocardial fractional shortening normal values? (include men and women)
Men 25-43%
Women 27-45%
What is the equation for fractional area change?
[LVAd - LVAs] / LVAd
What is the normal values for fractional area change?
>35%
What is the rule for EF% estimates for FAC for:
Normal apex?
Hypokinesis?
Akinesis?
Dyskinesis?
Normal apex = Add 15%
Hypokinesis = Add 5-10%
Akinesis - Add zero 0%
Dyskinesis - Subtract 15%
What is a normal ejection fraction in adults?
63 +/- 5%
What is the technical term for alterations in frequency of the ultrasound signals caused by Doppler effect?
Modulation
What is the doppler equation?
Change in Freq = v * cos (angle) * 2 [Frequency Transmitted] / c
Change in Freq = Difference between transmitted and received
v = Blood velocity
c = Speed of sound in blood 1540 m/sec
Angle = Angle of incidence between ultrasound beam and blood flow
Fast Fournier analysis is applied to what?
ID the component frequencies of the Doppler shift equation
What does demodulation identify?
Doppler shift
What does time gating select?
Time gaating selects a defined distance from the transducer face
PWD
CWD
How many crystals are used?
PWD = 1 crystal
CWD = 2 crystals
What does modulation alter?
Alters frequency of the ultrasound signals
Nyquist limit increases with:
What type of frequency and what time of imaging?
Nyquist limit increases with low frequency imaging and near field imaging
What is the threshold in which PWD will likely alias?
> 1.4 m/sec
What is normal Left Atrial Pressure?
6 - 12 mmHg
What is the equation for Left Atrial Pressure using Bernoulli?
LAP = SBP - 4 (VMR)2
What is the formulaa for LVEDP?
DBP - 4 (Velocity Aortic Insufficiency end)2
What is a normal range for LVEDP?
4 - 12 mmHg
A propagation velocity of what value indicates normal?
>45 cm/sec
A propagation velocity of what value indicates abnormal?
< 25 cm/sec
A propagation velocity of < 25 cm/sec can say that you have what level of pressure elevation in the heart?
LVEDP> 15 mmHg
A E / Vprop value of what correlates with elevated LVEDP?
E / Vprop > 2.0
What E/Ea ratio is indicative of PCWP >20 mmHg and a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with LV Dysfunction and Acute MI?
E / Ea > 15
