Permanent Teeth Flashcards
How do you tell which side is mesial in a maxillary central incisor?
Sharp right angle looking from labial side
How do you tell which side is distal in a maxillary central incisor?
Rounded edge/corner when looking from labial side
Describe the labial surface of a maxillary central incisor
Large
Flattened
“Spade-like”
2 grooves
Convex cervical region
Mesial edge makes a sharp right angle
Describe the palatal surface of a maxillary central incisor
Large concave area
“Shovel-shaped”
Marginal ridges
Large cingulum
How is the maxillary lateral incisor different to the maxillary central incisor?
Smaller crown
Longer root in proportion
Pit in base of cingulum
How can you tell which side is distal in a maxillary lateral incisor?
Root curves distally
Curved edge is distal (right angled side is mesial)
How do mandibular incisors compare with maxillary incisors?
Similar mesial and distal edges
Smaller, narrower, longer
More flattened root
Poorly developed cingulum
How can you tell which side is distal on a mandibular central incisor?
Groove on distal side on root
Straighter distal side (more acute mesially)
How can you tell which side is mesial on a mandibular central incisor?
Groove on distal side of root
More acute mesially
How is the labial surface of a mandibular central incisor often described as?
Chisel-shaped
How is the labial surface of a mandibular lateral incisor often described as?
Fan-shaped
How does a mandibular lateral incisor compare with a mandibular central incisor?
Wider towards incisal edge
Crown is twisted distally
How can you tell which side is mesial on a mandibular lateral incisor?
Straighter mesial side (more acute distally)
Crown pulled/twisted back distally
How can you tell which side is distal on a mandibular lateral incisor?
More acute distally
Crown pulled/twisted back distally
How many cusps does a canine have?
One
Describe the labial surface of a maxillary canine
More curved than incisors
Longer distal slope than mesial slope (large swelling on distal side)
Large cusp (1/2 to a 1/3 of crown)
Describe the palatal surface of a maxillary canine
Marginal ridges
Large cingulum
Central ridge (and fossae)
How does the mandibular canine differ from the maxillary canine?
Smaller cingulum
Crown tipped towards tongue
How can you tell which side is mesial in a mandibular canine?
More angular joining of mesial and labial surfaces (than distal and labial)
How can you tell the difference between upper and lower premolars?
Uppers have an egg/oval occlusal surface whereas lowers have a more circular shape
Uppers have more prominent cusps
What are the differences between the maxillary premolars?
Roots are better developed in first premolar
Canine fossa in first premolar
Cusps are more equal in size in second premolar
More parallel sides in second premolar
Fissure is less extensive and doesn’t usually cross mesial ridge in second premolar
Describe the occlusal surface of a maxillary first premolar
Egg-shaped, wider at buccal end
Fissure between two cusps which is continuous with a groove over the mesial marginal ridge
Larger/taller buccal cusp than palatal
Describe the occlusal surface of a maxillary second premolar
Oval-shaped
Fissure/pit between cusps may extend over mesial ridge
Buccal cusp is larger than palatal but cusps are fairly equal in height
How can you tell which side is mesial in a maxillary premolar?
Palatal cusp tipped mesially
Fissure may extend over mesial ridge
Describe the occlusal surface of a mandibular first premolar
Circular
Large buccal cusp and small lingual cusp, tipped towards tongue
Prominent central ridge between cusps
Larger distal fossa
Mesial fossa runs on to mesial-lingual surface
Describe the occlusal surface of a mandibular second premolar
Circular
Large buccal cusp and better developed lingual cusp(s) than first premolar, tipped towards tongue
Maybe have one or two lingual cusps
How can you tell which side is mesial in a mandibular second premolar?
Larger lingual cusp is tipped/placed mesially
How many roots do the maxillary molars usually have?
3
How many roots do the mandibular molars usually have?
2
Describe the occlusal surface of a maxillary first molar
Rhomboidal
4 cusps: 2 palatal and 2 buccal
Largest cusp is mesial-palatal
Oblique ridge from mesial-palatal to distal-buccal cusps
Distal and mesial fossae
Describe the occlusal surface of a maxillary second molar
Square
4 cusps: 2 palatal and 2 buccal
Largest cusp is mesial-palatal
Oblique ridge from mesial-palatal to distal-buccal cusps
Distal and mesial fossae
Diminishing distal-palatal cusp
Describe the occlusal surface of a maxillary third molar
Triangular
3 cusps usually: 1 palatal and 2 buccal (distal-palatal small/removed)
Largest cusp is mesial-palatal
Oblique ridge from mesial-palatal to distal-buccal cusps
What is the cusp of Carabelli?
Cusplet on side of mesial-palatal cusp of a maxillary first molar
How could you tell the difference between a maxillary first and second molar?
First molar may have:
Cusp of Carabelli
Groove over palatal surface to a developmental groove
Three separate roots (start fusing in second molar)
Describe the occlusal surface of a mandibular first molar
Oblong
5 cusps: one at each corner and extra distal-buccal cusp
Mesial cusps are slightly larger
Describe the occlusal surface of a mandibular second molar
Oblong
4 cusps: one at each corner
Cross-shaped fissure pattern
Mesial cusps are slightly larger
Describe the occlusal surface of a mandibular third molar
Very variable - 4 or 5 cusps
Very complex fissure pattern
What kind of fissure pattern does the mandibular first molar have?
Dryopithecus
