Peripheral Vascular Disease Formative Questions

Question 1

A patient has hypertension. How does hypertension damage the endothelium of the tunica intima of an artery? (Question 1)

Answer 1

Hypertension increases turbulence within the vessel which damages the intima of the vessel. The scarring increases turbulence which further damages the tunica intima

Question 2

How do low-density lipids damage the endothelium of the tunica intima? (Question 2)

Answer 2

Penetrate the endothelium causing an inflammatory response.

Question 3

How is blood flow affected by arteriosclerosis and what is the effect on blood pressure of arteriosclerosis? (Question 3)

Answer 3

1

Question 4

Continued inflammation causes thrombosis or rupture (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order) (Question 4)

Answer 4

7.

Question 5

Oxidisation of low density lipoproteins causes furthe damage to the intima (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order) (Question 4)

Answer 5

3.

Question 6

Injury to epithelial cells (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order)(Question 4)

Answer 6

1.

Question 7

Additional enzymes are released that damage the arterial wall from an inflammatory response (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order) (Question 4)

Answer 7

5.

Question 8

Low density lipoproteins deposited in intim (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order) (Question 4)

Answer 8

2.

Question 9

Partial occlusion alters velocity of the blood causing fissures in the lesion (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order (Question 4)

Answer 9

6.

Question 10

Macrophages adhere to the injured epithelium (Place the stages of the development of artherosclerosis in the correct order (Question 4)

Answer 10

4.

Question 11

What is the cause of a Transient Ischaemic Attack and what are the symptoms (Question 5)

Answer 11

A TIA is temporary disruption to cerebral perfusion caused by stenosis of the carotid artery. Symptoms are specific to a focal point and can cause temporary disruption to cerebral or ocular function.

Question 12

What is the purpose of a carotid shunt in carotid surgery? (Question 6)

Answer 12

Maintains cerebral perfusion whilst the internal carotid artery is clamped whilst the surgeon performs the endartectomy and sutures the patch to the artery.

Question 13

What causes intermittent claudication and what are the symptoms? Name a procedure intended to manage the condition. (Question 7)

Answer 13

Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower limb and the symptoms manifest as pain in the limb distal to the occlusion on exercise or at rest.Femoro-popliteal bypass or femoro-tibial bypass

Question 14

The diagram below shows an artery without athersclerosis and two aneurysmal vessels. What is the name of the aneurysm represented by the middle diagram. (Question 8)

Answer 14

It is a fusiform aneurysm.The aneurysm on the right is a saccular aneurysm

Question 15

State 4 advantages of performing an endo-vascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair when compared with an open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (Question 9)

Answer 15

Reduced mortality, ICU admission times, and operating

time. Reduced need for transfusion.

Question 16

What is the cause of angina pectoris? (Question 10)

Answer 16

Increased cardiac output during exercise results in stenosed coronary arteries being unable to perfuse the myocardium with sufficient blood

Question 17

Propanolol (Match the cardiac drug to its actions) (Question 11)

Answer 17

A. Antagonises Beta 1 receptors to reduce cardiac contractility to manage hypertension

Question 18

Glyceryl trinitrate (Match the cardiac drug to its actions) (Question 11)

Answer 18

B. Induces vasodilation of coronary vessels and reduces myocardial oxygen demand. Blood is redistributed to ischaemic areas of the endocardium.

Question 19

Clopidogrol (Match the cardiac drug to its actions) (Question 11)

Answer 19

C. Decreases platelet aggregation and thrombous formation