Peripheral Vascular Disease

Question 1

explain how the lymphatic system works as an accessory fluid route to get plasma protiens, and nutrients in the blood and it’s role in bacteria.

Answer 1

the lymphatic system gets plasma and nutrients in because then fluid can flow from the blood into the interstitial spaces and vice versa.

Question 2

define lymphedema

Answer 2

build-up of fluid in soft body tissues (arms and legs primarily) when the lymph system is damaged or blocked.

Question 3

contrast an arterial embolus with an arterial thrombus

Answer 3

an arterial embolus is a blood clot that has travelled through your body and become stuck in your arteries.

an arterial thrombus is a blood clot in an artery. Note that a thrombus started in an artery.

Question 4

list the 7 P’s of arterial occlusion

Answer 4

pistol shot (acute onset) Peter
pallor  Picked
polar (cold) Pickled 
pulselessness Peppers 
pain Prettily, 
paresthesia Pleasantly, (and) 
paralysis Perfectly

Question 5

describe the etiology of an embolus

Answer 5

caused by clots that arise from other places in the body but then are dislodged and move to another place where they cause trouble.

Question 6

explain the role of atherosclerosis in peripheral arterial disease.

Answer 6

important cause of PAD because once arteries have limited blood flow, PAD is more likely.

Question 7

list how cigarette smoking injures the endothelium

Answer 7

In response to smoke exposure, endothelial cells are known to release inflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines. These processes lead to endothelial dysfunction.

Direct physical effects of smoke compounds and produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to endothelial cell loss by apoptosis or necrosis.

Question 8

list modifiable and non-modifiable factors for atherosclerosis on peripheral blood vessels.

Answer 8

modifiable: smoking cessation, exercise, controlling HTN and eating right, etc.

non-modifiable: genetics, some co-morbidities.

Question 9

describe the etiology of venous thrombosis

AKA Virchow’s triad

Answer 9

venous thrombosis is associated with the stasis of blood, sometimes d/t immobility of an extremity or of the entire body. it’s also associated with hypercoagulability, or increased clot formation. finally, vessel injury from trauma or surgery can cause venous thrombus.

1. venous stasis
2. hypercoagulability
3. vessel/endothelium injury

Question 10

list three factors of Virchow’s triad and how they influence thrombus formation

Answer 10

stasis: immobility of an extremity or whole body causes blood to pool

hypercoagulable state: blood gets into a hypercoagulable state and thus a clot forms easier.

vessel injury: if blood can leak or things can get in, a thrombus can form in vessels where it isn’t supposed to. The blood wants to clot in response to the vessel injury.

Question 11

define and list clinical signs for chronic valve insufficency and varicose veins

Answer 11

chronic valve insufficiency is defined as persistent venous hypertension on the structure and function of the venous system of the lower extremities.
Sx/Sx are: edema, necrosis of subcutaneous fat deposits, skin atrophy, brown pigmentation of the skin.

varicose veins are defined as gnarled, enlarged veins, most commonly appearing in the legs and feet.
Sx/Sx are: the enlargement and gnarling of the veins which is visible on people.

Question 12

define and list the clinical signs for venous ulcers and deep vein thrombosis

Answer 12

deep vein thrombosis is defined as a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. The clots can loosen and lodge in the lungs.

clinical signs: mostly asymptomatic, when present though signs are pain, swelling, and deep muscle tenderness, fever, general malasie, elevated WBC count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

venous ulcers: leg ulcers caused by problems with blood flow (circulation) in your leg veins.

clinical signs: Symptoms include swelling, achiness, and tiredness in the legs. Usually a red, irritated skin rash develops into an open wound.

Question 13

describe venous return from the lower extremities, including function of the muscle pumps and the effects of gravity on the development of venous disease.

Answer 13

if a person doesn’t use there legs a lot it’s bad because gravity doesn’t help as much.

The muscle pumps help the blood go back up to the heart, as it should t get exchanged and then it can come back down.