peripheral vascular Flashcards
what causes a pressure wave?
arteries or veins
arteries
“all arteries have this pressure wave, or pulse”
major arteries
what is the major artery supplying the arm?
what artery?
brachial artery
what is the major artery to the leg?
this passes under the inguinal ligament
femoral artery
what are the arteries in the legs?
4 total
- femoral
- popliteal
- dorsalis pedis
- posterior tibial
when would a partial blockage (ischema) be apparent?
during exercise when oxygen needs increase
- PAD affects what?
- what is PAD usually affected by?
- noncoronary arteries and usually refers to arteries supplying the limbs.
- atherosclerosis, embolism
hypercoaguable states, arterial dissection also affect PAD
a complete blockage leads to what
death of the distal tissue
which veins are responsible for most of the venous return in the ARMS?
HINT: superficial or deep
pg 502
superficial veins in the SQ tissue
pg 502
which veins are responsible for most of the venous return in the LEGS?
HINT: deep or superficial AND which ones?
pg 502
deep femoral and popliteal veins
pg 502
what are perforators?
pg 503
“connecting veins that join the two sets (A / Vs). They have one-way valves that route blood from superficial into the deep veins and prevent reflux to the superficial veins.”
pg 503
how do veins keep blood moving? 3 ways
veins are a LOW-PRESSURE system & they do not have a pump like arteries
- skeletal muscle contraction that milk blood proximally back toward the <3
- the pressure gradient caused by breathing, where inspiration makes the thoracic pressure ↓ and the abdominal pressure ↑
- the intraluminar valves, which ensure unidirectional flow.
- what is the calf pump/peripheral heart
- what does this mean
pg 503
- in the legs, this is how veins push blood back to the <3 w/o it returning
- when walking, the calf muscles alternately contract (systole) and relax (diastole). In contraction, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles squeeze veins & direct BF proximally
list the ways venous structure differs from arterial structure
3-4 differences
- venous pressure is lower
- walls of veins are thinner
- veins have a larger diameter and more distensible (can expand/hold more blood when BV ↑)
- the ability of veins to stretch is a _________ _______ ?
- what is this called?
- the ability of veins to stretch is a _________ _______ ?
- what is this called?
what is ‘capacitance vessels’?
the ability of veins to stretch
- efficient venous return depends on what 3 things?
- problems w/ any of these 3 elements leads to what?
- 1) contracting skeletal muscles
2) competent valves in the veins
3) patent lumen - venous stasis
who is at risk for venous disease?
people who undergo prolonged standing, sitting, or bed rest
they do not benefit from the milking action that walking accomplishes
pg 504
dilated and tortuous (varicose) veins create ?
incompetent valves - the lumen is so wide that the valve cusps cannot approximate.
incompetent valves
what does this condition do to venous pressure?
increases venous pressure, further dilating the vein
venous pooling occurs in what type of people?
HINT: 2 types of people
obese and women following multiple pregnancies
venous pooling occurs in what type of people?
HINT: 2 types of people
obese and women following multiple pregnancies
lymphatics
hydrostatic pressure is caused by what
the pumping action of the <3 & pushes more fluid out of capillaries than the venules can absorb
- lymphatics do what?
- fluid moves according to
- retrieve excess fluid & plasma proteins from the IS space & return them to the bloodstream.
- a pressure gradient
without lymphatic drainage…?
fluid would build up in the IS spaces & produce edema
