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BRS > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nervous system can be divided into…?

A

somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

sensory (afferent) carry information….. the CNS

A

towards

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3
Q

motor (efferent) carry information….. …..the CNS

A

away from

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4
Q

name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

A
  • olfactory
  • optic
  • oculomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear
  • glossopharyngeal
  • hypoglossal
  • vagus
  • accessory
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5
Q

are the cranial nerves part of the peripheral nervous system? Why or why not?

A

yes, because they are outside the brain

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6
Q

what is a plexus derived from?

A

lots of nerve fibres derived from spinal cord segments

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7
Q

if you damage a single spinal nerve segment, what will happen?

A

more than one muscle that is innervated by that nerve will be damaged

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8
Q

spinal nerves have a ……, peripheral nerves have a……

A

spinal nerves have a letter and number

peripheral nerves have a name

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9
Q

what are the cauda equina?

A

nerves around intevertebral foramina, come from a spinal cord segment, need to travel further to get to their exit point?

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10
Q

where do somatic nerves bring information from/to?

A

afferent - from the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints

efferent - convey information to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve

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12
Q

myotome

A

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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13
Q

visceral afferent nerves carry information from the……

A

viscera (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs)

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14
Q

visceral efferent nerves can be divided into…..

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic efferent nerves innervate what?

A

viscera and periphery (vasculature and sweat glands)

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16
Q

parasympathetic efferent nerves innervate what?

A

viscera only (organs)

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17
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS?

A

ganglion

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18
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS?

A

nucleus

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19
Q

what is a network of interconnecting nerves?

A

plexus

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20
Q

all afferent fibres (somatic and visceral) have their cell body where?

A

spinal ganglia

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21
Q

visceral efferent nerves synapse in a ……….. ganglion

A

peripheral (close to target organs, or in sympathetic trunks, or pre-aortic plexuses)

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22
Q

what are peripheral nerves arranged into?

A

fascisculi (bundles)

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23
Q

what is the name of the external vascular layer?

A

epineurium

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24
Q

what are the individual fascicles covered in?

A

perineurium

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25
Q

what are the individual axons covered in, outside the myelin sheath?

A

endoneurium

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26
Q

how do we classify the peripheral nerves?

A

2 classification systems:

one based on conduction velocity A, B and C (A is the fastest)

one based on axon diammeter (sensory only) uses roman numerals I-IV (I the largest diammeter

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27
Q

is myelination consistent across all nerves?

A

no, you can have no myelin - thickly myelinated axons

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28
Q

external sensory receptors are called

A

exteroreceptors

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29
Q

what do exteroreceptors detect?

A

pain

temperature

touch

pressure

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30
Q

internal sensory receptors are called….

A

proprioreceptors and enteroreceptors

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31
Q

proprioceptors detect

A

movement and joint position

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32
Q

enteroceptors detect

A

movement through gut and blood pH

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33
Q

chemoreceptors detect

A

chemicals

34
Q

photoreceptors detect

A

light

35
Q

thermoreceptors detect

A

temperature

36
Q

mechanoreceptors detect

A

pressure

37
Q

nociceptors detect

A

damage to tissue

if the pathway got to your brain you would feel pain although you would not feel it under anaesthetic for example even though they are active

38
Q

what do propioceptors do?

A

tell us about the status of our joints within the body

39
Q

alpha motor neuron is the upper or lower motor neuron?

Is ……polar?

Has its cell bodies where?

A

lower motor neuron

multipolar

ventral horn

40
Q

where are upper and lower motor neurons located?

(Where do they each send their signals?)

A

Upper motor neurons are located in your brain and spinal cord.

(They send signals to lower motor neurons.)

Lower motor neurons are in your brain stem and spinal cord.

(When they get a signal from the upper motor neurons, they send another signal to your muscles to make them contract)

41
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

specialised synapse between motor neuron and muscle fibre

42
Q

which neurons are involved with the stretching of muscle?

A

sensory neurons

43
Q

what do muscle spindles do?

A

detect changes in muscle length

44
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect changes in TENSION in the tendons

45
Q

joint receptors

A

found in joint capsules and detect the start and end of movement

46
Q

motor unit

A

single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres it innervates

smallest functional unit with which to produce force

47
Q
A
48
Q

how many motor neurons do humans have approximately?

A

420,000

49
Q

how many skeletal muscle fibres do humans have approximately?

A

250 million

50
Q

how many muscle fibres does a motor neuron supply on average?

A

600

51
Q

stimulation of one motor unit causes…

A

contraction of all the muscle fibres in that unit

52
Q

what happens if you cut back a nerve when it grows back?

A

it will innervate other muscles that are being innervated by other nerves, offsetting the balance

53
Q
A
54
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

an involuntary coordinated pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli

55
Q

what is the periphery of the body?

A

the periphery of the body is the part that is away from the central or core regions

56
Q

what are the exceptions to the noradrenaline neurotransmitter being released by post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

sweat glands and blood vessels

57
Q

visceral sensory brings information back from core

which spinal and cranial nerves are involved?

A

T1-S2

S2-S4

cranial nerves IX and X (9 and 10)

58
Q

visceral motor carries outflow of information to core and body wall,

what does it control?

A

pupils

sweat glands

salivary glands

heart muscle

airways

59
Q

visceral motor involves outflow from which nerves?

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

craniosacral (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X [3, 7, 9 and 10])

60
Q

the highest level of outflow from the spinal cord is at which spinal segment?

A

T1

61
Q

How do the nerve fibres from T1 get to the skull

A

‘hitching a ride’ on arteries

62
Q

pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system are where (in general) ?

A

spinal cord

63
Q

what are the sympathetic trunks?

A

Where pre-ganglionic neurons go into after coming out of the spinal cord.

They are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. The sympathetic trunk lies just lateral to the vertebral bodies for the entire length of the vertebral column.

64
Q

why do sympathetic trunks have enlargements?

A

they have post-ganglionic neurons in them

65
Q

How do sympathetic trunks appear in cadaveric specimens?

Where is their location?

A

Thin white nerves with enlargements

Inside chest, outside spinal cord

66
Q

where are the cell bodies for pre-ganglionic sympathetic outflow between T1 and L2?

Where do they send their pre-ganglionic axons out to?

A

in the spinal cord, in an extra bit of grey matter called an intermediate horn halfway between posterior horn and anterior horn

mixed spinal nerve and then through either the white ramus communicans to a ganglion where it synapses with the post-ganglionic efferent neuron

67
Q

gray ramus communicans contains …………. nerves

white ramus communicans contains …………. nerves

A

gray (contain unmyelinated nerves) ramus communicans

or

white ( contains myelinated nerves ) ramus communicans

68
Q

where do the post-ganglionic neurons coming from T1-L2 go to after synapsing in the ganglion if they are carrying information to the skin?

A

either towards head and upper limbs or towards lower limbs

or straight out via gray ramus communicans to the part of the body between the upper and lower limbs

69
Q

where do the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons coming from T1-T4 go to after synapsing in the ganglion if they are carrying information to the heart?

A

Straight out to the heart, or up and out to the heart via the next superior ganglion in the sympathetic trunk

Reaches heart via cardiac plexus

70
Q

where do the pre-ganglionic neurons coming from T3/5-L2 go to if they are carrying information to the viscera (not the heart) ?

A

through mixed efferent nerve bundle, white ramus communicans and ganglia without synapsing, goes straight through and continues out… synapsing in the pre-aortic ganglia with the post-ganglionic neuron

71
Q

how does the aorta divide in the pelvis?

A

into 2, going off to pelvic organs

72
Q

which cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic outflow?

A

III, VII, IX, X

73
Q

what is the transition of innervation of the abdominal viscera?

A

from supply by cranial nerve X and pelvis splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

74
Q

sacral parasympathetic outflow is via which nerves?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

75
Q

cranial nerve III innervates which gland?

A

lacrimal gland

76
Q

cranial nerve VII innervates which parasympathetic systems?

A

pupillary constriction

salivary glands

77
Q

cranial nerve IX innervates which gland?

A

parotid gland

78
Q

cranial nerve X innervates which parasympathetic systems?

A

heart

abdominal viscera

79
Q

how many neurons in motor pathway?

where are their cell bodies?

A

It is composed of two neurons, the upper motor neuron and the lower motor neuron. The upper motor neuron has its cell body in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and synapses on the lower motor neuron, which is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and projects to the skeletal muscle in the periphery

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/14-5-sensory-and-motor-pathways/

80
Q

what information do visceral sensory neurons bring back from the core? Which spinal nerves?

what do visceral motor neurons control?

A

sensory brings back information about pain, fullness, blood pressure

T1-L2, S2-S4, cranial nerves 9 and 10

controls pupils, sweat glands, salivary glands, heart muscle, airways

outflow from thoracolumbar T1-L2 and craniosacral outflow (3, 7, 9 and 10)

81
Q
A

BRS (19 decks)

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