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PDA Block 1 > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Common diseases in which drugs function by mimicking or blocking actions of the nervous system

A

Diseases of the eye
Cardiovascular diseases
Lung diseases
Skeletal muscle paralysis

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory pathways (Afferent)
Motor Pathways (Efferent)
Autonomic Nervous System (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
Somatic Nervous System

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4
Q

How many neurons are there between the CNS and a skeletal muscle in the Somatic Nervous System

A

1 (ends at neuromuscular junction)

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5
Q

How many neurons are there between the CNS and visceral organs in the ANS

A

2 (there is one autonomic ganglia)

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6
Q

How are autonomic nerves characterized as either sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

Parasympathetic nerves have cell bodies in the cranial and sacral regions while sympathetic nerves originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions

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7
Q

Function of Sympathetic system

A

Respond to stress

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8
Q

Function of parasympathetic system

A

Regulates homeostasis of internal mileu

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9
Q

Which system is continuously active and which is organized for discrete local discharge

A

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

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10
Q

The vagus nerve ________ the heart rate

A

slows

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11
Q

Which types of potentials use summation in their response to neurotransmitters

A

EPSPs and IPSPs

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12
Q

Somatic Motor nerves use which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Preganglionic fibers for parasympathetic and sympathetic systems use which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine (Also with postganglionic parasympathetic fibers)

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14
Q

Post ganglionic Sympathetic nerves usually use which neurotransmitters (what is the exception)?

A

Norepinephrine

Some sweat glands use Ach as the neurotransmitter (Sympathetic cholinergic fiber)

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15
Q

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes release of ________ and ______ into the blood stream

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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16
Q

Synthesis of Norepinephrine (What is the rate limiting step)?

A

Tyrosine → 3,4 dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) → Dopamine → Norepinephrine

Enzymes:

1) Tyrosine hydroxylase (RATE LIMITING STEP)
2) L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
3) Dopamine - β-hydroxylase

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17
Q

What additional step to norepinephrine synthesis can create epinephrine?

A

Norepinephrine → Epinephrine with phenethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

18
Q

What transports Dopamine into vesicles (storage granules)

A

VMAT2 (Vesicular monoamine transporter 2)

19
Q

Reserpine

A

Inhibits VMAT2

Treats patient with hypertension (Decreases sympathetic system)

20
Q

How is norepinephrine taken back up into presynaptic terminal

A 
Norepinephrine transporter (NET)
Returned to storage granules
21
Q

What happens to norepinpehrine in the cleft (transporters and percent transported)

A

90% taken back up into presynaptic terminal (NET)
8% diffuses
2% brought into postsynaptic terminal (Extraneuronal transporter)

22
Q

Cocaine in NE pathway

A

Blocks NET and enhances norepinephrine signal

23
Q

Which receptor on the presynaptic terminal works as an Gαi receptor and causes negative feedback on the NE release system?

A

α2-adrenoceptor

24
Q

What two enzymes are involved in the metabolism of norepinephrine (and epinephrine)

A 
Monamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) - Deamination
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) - Methylation
25
Q

What is the transporter that moves Ach into vesicles?

A

ACh Co-transporter

26
Q

Two postsynaptic receptors for Ach (Cholinergic receptors)

A

Nicotinic receptors

Muscarinic receptor

27
Q

How is Ach removed from the cleft

A

Acetylocholinesterase

Acetylcholine → Choline → Acetic Acid

28
Q

What mediates fission and fusion of Ach into cleft (what drug blocks this effect)

A

SNAPS (Botulinum toxin)

- Produces skeletal muscle paralysis

29
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Ganglia
Skeletal muscles
Neuronal CNS

30
Q

How many different types of muscarinic receptors are there?

A

5 (all G-protein coupled receptors)

31
Q

Which system is most associated with muscarinic receptors

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (Smooth muscle, cardiac tissue, secretory glands)

32
Q

3 types of Nicotinic receptors

A

1) Nm (Neuromuscular junction)
2) Nn (Autonomic ganglia/adrenal medulla) - chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines
3) CNS (Brain and spinal cord)

33
Q

G proteins associated with each Muscarinic receptor type

A 
M1: Gq (peripheral and central nerves)
M2: Gi (Heart, nerves, smooth muscle)
M3: Gq (Glands, smooth muscle, endothelium)
M4: Gi (CNS)
M5: Gq (CNS)
34
Q

Adrenergic Receptors (GCPRs)

A

α (α1A, α1B, α1C and α2A, α2B, α2C)

β (β1, β2 and β3)

35
Q

Adrenergic agonists usually give a __________ response

A

sympathetic

36
Q

α-Adrenergic receptors

A

α1: Gq (Contraction and secretion from glands)

α2: Gi (Decrease NE release, Decrease insulin, contraction)

37
Q

β-Adrenergic Receptors (all increase cAMP)

A

β1: Gs (In the heart and kidneys - regulate renin release)
β2: Gs (Relaxation of smooth muscle in the lungs, glucose production in liver)
β3: Gs (Receptor in adipose tissue - mediate lypolysis)

38
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels

A

Constrict arteries (except relax skeletal muscle arteries) and constrict veins

39
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on blood vessels

A

No effect

40
Q

Activation of muscarinic receptors on endothelial cells of blood vessels cause ________

A

dilation of blood vessels - release NO

41
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the lungs

A

Relax bronchiolar smooth muscle

42
Q

What is the general effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary tract

A

Decreased activity of muscles involved in voiding and increased tone of sphincters

PDA Block 1 (13 decks)

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