PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTE. Flashcards
How many bones are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx?
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5, used
Coccyx - 3, fused
The peripheral Nervous system is divided into 2 systems, namely:
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
In charge of voluntary body movements and transmits sensors messages to the central nervous system
Somatic Nervous System
In charge of involuntary body functions
Autonomic Nervous System
Parts of Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Responsible for flight or fight response, stimulating body to use energy
Sympathetic
Conserves energy, doing “Rest” or “Digest”
Parasympathetic
Parts of somatic nervous system
Reflex
Reflex Arc
Reflex
Involuntary response to a stimulus without input from the brain
Reflex Arc
Pathway a reflex takes
Connects to the spinal chord, bypassing the brain so it is not delayex
Pathway for Reflex Arc
Stimulus - Sensory Neuron - Motor Neuron - Reflex Muscle Movement
Pulling hand back when touching something hot
Jumping when you hear a loud sound
Knee-jerk Reflex
Reflex Examples
Reflex arcs that affect inner organs
Autonomic Reflex Arcs
Reflex Arcs that affect muscles
Somatic Reflex Arcs
Feedback mechanisms respond to changes by
Reducing or increasing the change to bring systems back to normal
Increases the change; there will be more of a product or moving away from the target point
Positive Feedback
It is less common than a negative feedback
Positive Feedback
When response to a stimulus is increased, ____ feedback is happening
Positive Feedback
Examples of positive feedback
Milk production
Blood clotting
Labor Contractions
During labor, more of the hormone ____ is released to the cervix
Oxytocin
High levels of ____ is produced to stimulate milk production
Prolactin
Once wound is present, ___ is sent to form a clot
Platelets
When a response to a stimulus is decreased
Negative Feedback
Most of the body’s feedback mechanisms belong here
Negative Feedback
Allows the body to stabilize back to homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Examples of negative feedback
Temperature regulation
Controlled blood glucose levels
Regulated blood pressure
What are the body’s (skin & brain’s) response to temperature rise?
Sweat & Blood levels near the skin dilate
If blood pressure is too high
The heart is told to decrease heart rate
If glucose levels are too high, ____ from the Pancreas is stimulated to absorb glucose and convert glucose to glycogen
Insulin
As the blood glucose levels go down, ___ insulin is needed
Less insulin
When glucose levels are too low, _____ is produced in order to convert glycogen back to glucose, increasing levels of glucose in the blood
Glucagon
The ____ is like a bony helmet
Skull
_____ are layers of tissue
Meninges
A watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and the spinal chord that cushions both parts
Cerebrospinal fluid
