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Haematology > Peripheral blood films > Flashcards

Peripheral blood films Flashcards

1
Q

Define anisocytosis

A

increased variation in size

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2
Q

Define poikilocytosis

A

increased variation in shape

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3
Q

Define spherocyte

A

small spherical cells lacking central pallor

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4
Q

What conditions can cause spherocytes?

A

hereditary spherocytosis
warm AIHA

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5
Q

Define target cells

A

cells with central and peripheral dark-staining areas separated by a clear area

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6
Q

What conditions can cause target cells?

A

thalassaemia, sickle cell, iron deficiency, liver disease

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7
Q

What conditions can cause teardrop cells?

A

myelofibrosis, extramedullary haematopoiesis

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8
Q

Define echinocyte

A

long projections from cell surface
Burr cells

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9
Q

Define acanthocyte

A

irregular outline

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10
Q

What conditions can cause acanthocytes?

A

liver disease
post-splenectomy
abetalipoproteinaemia

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11
Q

What conditions can cause small red cell fragments?

A

DIC
microangiopathy
cardiac valve replacement

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12
Q

Describe Howell-Jolly bodies

A

small nuclear inclusions normally removed by the spleen

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13
Q

What conditions can cause Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

post-splenectomy
hyposplenism

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14
Q

Describe Heinz bodies

A

precipitates of oxidised denatured haemoglobin

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15
Q

What condition can cause Heinz bodies?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency)

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16
Q

Define hypochromia

A

large area of central pallor

17
Q

What can cause hypochromia?

A

reduced mean cell haemoglobin

18
Q

Describe polychromasia (reticulocytosis)

A

large, bluish cells best seen on supravital staining with new methylene blue

19
Q

Define rouleaux

A

red cell stacking

20
Q

What conditions can cause rouleaux?

A

multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia

21
Q

Define hypersegmented neutrophil

A

neutrophil nucleus containing >5 lobes

22
Q

What can cause hypersegmented neutrophils?

A

megaloblastic anaemia

23
Q

Define left shift of myeloid cells

A

immature myeloid cells (eg. band cells, metamyelocytes)

24
Q

What conditions can cause blast cells?

A

acute myeloblastic or lymphoblastic leukaemia

25
Q

Describe Auer rods

A

rod-like inclusions within the cytoplasm of leukaemic blasts and promyelocytes

26
Q

What condition causes Auer rods?

A

Acute myeloblastic leukaemia

27
Q

Describe smear/smudge cells

A

smudges showing disrupted cells - cells so fragile that cover slip causes lysis

28
Q

What can cause smear cells?

A

lymphocytosis - usually CLL

29
Q

Describe leucoerythroblastic change

A

nucleated red cells and immature leucocytes

30
Q

What can cause leucoerythroblastic change?

A

severe haemorrhage/haemolysis
bone marroe infiltration

Haematology (16 decks)

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