Peripheral blood Flashcards by Alyssa Cortese

What are the two major components of blood

Formed elements and Plasma

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What is in the Formed elements of blood

Leukocytes, Erythrocytes and platelets

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What proteins are in plasma

Albumin, gamma globulins, Fibrinogen, complement proteins and other solutes

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What does albumin do

maintains osmotic pressure of blood and transports water insoluble substances

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What is function of Fibrinogen (which is part of blood plasma)

It is necessary for the formation of blood clots

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Complement proteins ( part of blood plasma)

Important for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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What other solutes are in blood plasma

Electrolytes such as ( Na, K, Ca) non-protein nitrogen substances (urea, uric acid, creatine) nutrients (glucose, lipids) blood gases (02, Co2) and Regulatory substances (hormones and enzymes)

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Layers during Centrifugation

Lowest layer (45% blood vol) : Erythrocytes
Middle layer ( 1% blood vol): Leukocytes and platelets
Upper layer (more than 50%): blood pasma

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What is Hematocrit

% of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

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Structure of Erythrocytes

Biconcave ; No nuclei; Large surface to vol ratio

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Factors influencing ability of red blood cell to change shape

geometry ; viscosity of cytoplasm ; properties of plasma membrane

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Plasma Membrane structure of Red blood cells

Trilaminar and has membrane skeleton

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Membrane Skeleton structure of Red blood cells

Network of peripheral proteins which are attached to cytoplasmic side of lipid bilayer ; Composed of Spectrin, actin and protein 4.1

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Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes

1/3 of cell weight ; cause of cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia ; is a tetramer of 4 globin polypeptide chains : each polypeptide is associated with a heme group ; each heme group is a protoporphyrin associated with iron.

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Hemoglobin A1

Major form in adults. Consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains

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Hemoglobin A2

Minor form in adults (5%) . Consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 delta polypeptide chains

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Hemoglobin F

Made during intrautrine period, Consists of 2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 gamma

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Structure of Hemoglobin S

Single mutation in DNA coding for beta polypeptide chain. It is a change from glutamic acid to valine

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Life span of Erythrocytes

Survive in circulation for 120 days. aging red blood cells are taken out by macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

What are Reticulocytes and other info we need to know

They are red blood cells recently released from bone marrow ; Have a small amount of ribosomal RNA ; Stain with brilliant cresyl blue ; About 1% of total circulating erythrocytes ;

What is important about Reticulocyte production?

it is useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production;
- diagnosis and classificiations of anemias
-monitor tx of anemia
-monitor bone marrow regeneration
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Where do Leukocytes function

outside of blood vessels

How do leukocytes get outside of blood vessels

By DIAPEDESIS ; means they go between or through cells

Classification of Leukocytes

Granulocytes or agranulocytes

Types of cells within Granulocyte category

Neutrophils ; Eosinophils ; Basophils

Types of cells within Agranulocyte category

Mononcytes and Lymphocytes

Structure at light microscope level of Neutrophils

12-15 um ; Polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes) ; heterocromatic (not very active)

Types of Cytoplasmic Granules in Neutrophils

Specific granules ; Azurophilic granules (primary)

Characteristics of specific granules

very small ; staining qualities of cytoplasm (salmon pink) ; 80% of granule population

Characteristics of Azurophilic granules

large ; Stain w Azure B ; Primary lysosomes

Function of Neutrophils

Phagocytosis, make superoxide, netosis, release microvesicles that have antibacterial activity, production of cytokines, die during process forming puss

Characteristics of Neutrophil phagocytosis

are motile ; display chemotaxis (seak out bacteria) ; pseudopodia surround bacteria forming phagosomes ; specific granules fuse with phagosome

Once specific granules fuse with phagasome in neutrophils what happens

They release lysosymes (hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial wall) and lactoferrin ( iron binding protein)

What happens after specific granules fuse and release there contents

Azurophilic granules fuse forming secondary lysosome. enzymes hydrolyze dead bacteria into small molecules

Eosinophils are what % of Leukocytes

2-4%

Eosinophil structure under light microscope

Bilobed nucleus, large eosinophilic specific granules

Eosinophilic granule characteristics

contains hydrolytic enzymes and have a crystalline core which contains major basic protein

Function of Eosinophils

Phagocytosis, Secreation, possible role in asthma

Characteristics of Phagocytosis in Eosinophils

Major basic protein within them kills larvae of parasites ; dispose of antigen-antibody complexes ; ganules fuse with phagasomes and digest material

4 Characteristics of secretion in eosinophils

1: Secrete granule contents into extracellular space 2: Inactive mediators of inflammation 3: Synthesize Leukotriene C4 and platelet activiation factor 4: Produce a variety of cytokines

What mediators of inflammation does Eosinophils inactivate

- Histamine | - Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis

What does synthesis of Leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor do

- play a role in inflammation - can cause bronchoconstriction - can cause mucus hypersecretion

What does Airway remodeling by Eosinophils do?

- Increases smooth muscle - increases collagen in ECM - Goblet cell metaplasia

% of Leukocytes that are Basophils

0-1%

Characteristic structure of Basophils

- Nucleus is less segmented | - Nucleus usually obscured by cytoplasmic granules that stain intensely with Azure B

What are granules in Basophils filled with

- Histamine - Heparin - SRS-A (Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis)

What is the function of Basophils

Play a role in inflammation ; Immediate hypersensitivity reaction ; Delayed hypersensitivity reaction