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Repro (EQ) > Periparturient problems in the mare > Flashcards

Periparturient problems in the mare Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-parturient colic is common in mares in their late term. They can get normal colic or specific ones to pregnancy. Name 2

A

Foal movement colic
Uterine torsion
Ischaemia, necrosis or rupture of caecum and colon

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2
Q

What is the treatment for foal movement colic?

A

Medical analgesia - buscopan, phenylbutazone

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3
Q

What causes ischaemia, necrosis and rupture of the caecum and colon in pregnant mares?

A

Foal weight causes pressure on viscera

Stretches blood vessels

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4
Q

Uterine torsion causes signs of colic and is usually in the last trimester of pregnancy. How is it diagnosed?

A

Rectal palpation

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5
Q

How is uterine torsion treated in horses?

A

Surgery - flank or midline laparotomy

Rolling under GA not recommended

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6
Q

Why do some mares develop ventral oedema in late pregnancy?

A

Foal compression of lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

What is the treatment for ventral oedema in late pregnancy?

A

None - will self-resolve after foaling

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8
Q

Pre-pubic tendon rupture is due to foetus’ weight. Is it common in older or younger mares? What are the clinical signs?

A

Older mares
Colic signs
Large painful oedema continuous with udder ‘dropped udder’
+/- bloody discharge in milk

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9
Q

What is the treatment for pre-pubic tendon rupture in mares?

A

Analgesia (phenylbutazone)

Assistance with foaling +/- caesarean

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10
Q

What is hydrops amnion/allantois?

A

Excess fluid in amniotic/allantoic space

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11
Q

Hydrops amnion/allantois causes colic, dyspnoea, recumbency and even circulatory collapse. What effect does it have on the foal?

A

Deformed foals

heritable?

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12
Q

How is hydrops amnion/allantois diagnosed?

A

Rectal exam - huge fluid filled uterus out of reach

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13
Q

How can hydrops allantois/amnion be treated?

A

Induce foaling/abortion
Drain fluid off slowly via cervical dilation/foal removal
IV fluids to maintain systemic BP

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14
Q

What causes placentitis? Give examples of bacteria

A

Ascending infection from the cervix

Streptococcus, E. coli, Aspergillus

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15
Q

Placentitis eventually leads to abortion. What clinical signs suggest placentitis?

A

Placental thickening on ultrasound

Cervical swabs of discharge

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16
Q

A pregnant horse has premature udder development, lactation and vaginal discharge although she is not near term. What is your diagnosis?

A

Placentitis

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17
Q

What is the treatment for placentitis?

A

TMPS or other potentiated sulphonamide

Phenylbutazone

18
Q

What is the most common cause of vaginal bleeding in a horse? It is more common in pregnant or older mares

A

Varicose veins

19
Q

What is the treatment for varicose veins leading to vaginal bleeding?

A

No treatment required

Usually no concern to mare

20
Q

Can NSAIDs be used in pregnant mares?

A

Yes - may be necessary to give phenylbutazone

Weight of foal can exacerbate ortho disease

21
Q

What respiratory stimulant can be given to foals following dystocia?

A

Doxapram

22
Q

If during a vaginal exam for dystocia you discover a foal is able to pass per vaginum, how long should you leave a mare with no progress before starting a caesarean?

A

15 mins

If no progress with dystocia

23
Q

A mare has become suddenly unwell with a distended abdomen. She is definitely pregnant, but you cannot feel the foal on rectal exam in the uterus or in the birth canal. What is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Complete uterine rupture

Foal in abdomen so cannot feel via rectum

24
Q

What is the treatment for a complete uterine rupture or tear?

A

Consider removing foal and euthanasia of mare

Ex-lap and repair

25
Q

Why are uterine tears a problem?

A

They can cause haemorrhage and lead to peritonitis

26
Q

How can uterine ruptures or tears be diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound
Rectal/vaginal exam
Peritoneal tap

27
Q

Perineal lacerations are common during foaling. Most minor tears heal spontaneously. What should treatment be for 3rd degree perineal lacerations or rectovaginal fistulas?

A

DELAYED surgery - wait for granulation tissue to form

If don’t wait –> wound breakdown

28
Q

How are cervical lacerations treated? Do these affect fertility?

A

May heal spontaneously or require surgery
Delay repair for 1 month until uterus involuted and inflammation has decreased
May become sub-fertile

29
Q

What is the treatment of post-partum ‘uterine cramp’ colic?

A

Analgesia - buscopan, phenylbutazone

30
Q

Why are mares predisposed to colonic torsion post-partum and how is this treated?

A

Increased abdominal space

Surgical colic - requires fast correction or fatal

31
Q

Rupture of the uterine artery is common in older mares. How is this diagnosed?

A

Colic signs - may progress to shock
Rectal palpation of broad ligament
Ultrasound

32
Q

Rupture of the uterine artery may cause haemorrhage into the broad ligament or into the abdomen if the broad ligament also ruptures. How can ruptured uterine arteries be treated?

A

Keep quiet +/- sedation
Analgesia
Clotting agents
IV floods or blood transfusion

33
Q

Uterine prolapse may occur after a difficult foaling or if the mare is exhausted. How is this treated

A

Clean and replace under epidural
Give oxytocin once placed (causes involution)
Broad spectrum ABs + flunixin

34
Q

On average mares pass foetal membranes within how many hours of foaling? After how long is the placenta classed as retained?

A 
Average = 2 hours
Retained = >4 hours
35
Q

Describe how retained foetal membranes can cause laminitis and be fatal

A

Decompose and cause metritis

Cause endotoxaemia/SIRS - severe laminitis and death

36
Q

What initial medical treatment should be given for retained foetal membranes?

A

Oxytocin
Flunixin
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Check tetanus cover

37
Q

If medical treatment for RFM doesn’t work, the membranes can be manually removed (controversial). What should you do if the entire foetal membranes are removed?

A

Antibiotics + NSAIDs

Only re-examine if necessary!

38
Q

If medical treatment for RFM doesn’t work, the membranes can be manually removed (controversial). What should you do if the removal is incomplete and some foetal membranes remain?

A 
Lavage
Administer oxytocin
Put on ABs and flunixin
Re-examine
Continue lavaging until uterus involuted and little fluid returned
39
Q

A horse post-foaling prevents recumbent, with muscle fasciculations and diaphragmatic flutters (thumps). This condition is rare compared to other species. What are your most likely DDx?

A

Hypocalcaemia (Tx: give calcium diluted in saline)

Tetanus (only if not UTD with vaccine)

40
Q

Why is hand reared foals not recommend?

A

Hand-reared foals develop socialisation/behavioural problems

Adults can be extremely dangerous

41
Q

What should mares be screened for via a clitoral swab/blood test prior to mating?

A

Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) - swab
EHV - blood
Equine infectious anaemia - blood

Repro (EQ) (6 decks)

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