Periodical Exam Flashcards
WHAT IS BENEFIT OF STUDYING
PHILOSOPHY?
We can develop our ability
to critically on variety of
ideas and social issues.
PHILOSOPHY AND AREAS OF
INQUIRY:
ART
SCIENCE
POLITICS
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
METAPHYSICS
LOGIC
AESTHETICS
EPISTEMOLOGY
ETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
Mainly focused
on answering questions
related to what is real.
METAPHYSICS
Focuses on reasoning
and sound argument
LOGIC
Objective
standards for determining
what is beautiful
AESTHETICS
branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge.
EPISTEMOLOGY
branch of philosophy that is
concerned with the natural
environment and human beings place within it.
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY-
deals with rightness
and wrongness of actions.
ETHICS
synthesis of
knowledge and experiences
into insights that deepen
one’s understanding.
WISDOM
accumulation of facts and information
KNOWLEDGE
known to have happened or
OPINION
analysis based from facts, and is measurable and observable.
OBJECTIVE INFORMATION
FALLACIES EXAMPLE:
APPEAL TO PITY
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
APPEAL TO PEOPLE
AGAINST A PERSON
EQUIVOCATION
HASTY GENERALIZATION
COMPOSITION
DIVISION
APPEAL TO FORCE
FALSE CAUSE
BEGGING THE QUESTION
Someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by
exploiting
APPEAL TO PITY
It says the notion is true because it is not yet been proven false
and vice versa
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
A proposition must be true
because many or most people
believe it.
APPEAL TO PEOPLE
Attacking the person who asserts the argument to disprove his/her claim. Attacking the person being talked about to justify the argument about him/her.
AGAINST A PERSON
Double meaning
of a term or word. Confusing
meanings.
EQUIVOCATION
Generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
HASTY GENERALIZATION-
Something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.
COMPOSITION
Involves an inference from the
attribution of some feature
to an entire class to the
possession of the same
features by each of its
individual members.
DIVISION
Committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a
conclusion.
APPEAL TO FORCE
Cause is incorrectly identified.
Concluding one thing caused
another, simply because they
are regularly associated.
FALSE CAUSE
form of an argument where the
conclusion is assumed in one
of the premises.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty
reasoning, or wrong moves in the construction of an
argument. It may be created unintentionally or they may
be created intentionally in order to deceive other
people.
FALLACY
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF PHILOSOPHY TO REMEMBER:
MILETUS
ANAXIMANDER
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
Greatest and wealthiest of Greek Cities
MILETUS
Known for boldy
using not-mythological
approach
ANAXIMANDER
One of the well-
known Western/Greek
Philosophers.
SOCRATES
Known for his theory
of DUALISM.
PLATO
This is the theory that states that the mental and the physical- or mind and body or mind and brain are distinct and
separable modes
DUALISM
Known for his theory of MONISM.
ARISTOTLE
This is a theory that believes that our soul cannot exist apart
from the body” or soul cannot exist independently of the body
MONISM
refers to the relation of the self to the object-oriented world, as
well as our concrete relations with others.
TRANSCENDENCE
Transcendence originated from
the words Trans, meaning “_______________”, and scandare, meaning “_______”.
“go beyond”
“climb”
Nature of Human Personhood
under Dharmic religions it is
important to be aware of what
are the actions that human
should have. It is the sum of
person’s action and a deciding
factor of fate in future existence, this fate will
defend on what we are doing
whether it is good or bad.
KARMA
The continuous cycle of
birth and death
(Reincarnation).
SAMSARA
Each and everyone needs to
be enlightened and we need
proper guidelines in
achieving them, this
signifies the state of
enlightenment & oneness
according to Brahman.
MOKSHA
Things in our life that are
already given;
*Givens that was acquired
through birth
*Details that surround us in
the environment (ex.
Language, decisions etc.
FACTICITY
Our life here on earth has
its own expiration, the day
and the day when it will
come is truly unpredictable
in preparation what is does
mean finite quality of state
of existence (“we cannot
live forever”)
FINITUDE
The power that allows for
basics of existence–
nourishment, growth,
reproduction.
VEGETATIVE SOUL
Specific to human beings
only and is the soul
responsible for reason and
thinking.
INTELLECTUAL/RATIONAL
SOUL
Each and everyone needs to
be enlightened and we need
proper guidelines in
achieving them, this
signifies the state of
enlightenment & oneness
according to Brahman.
MOKSHA
It is a branch of philosophy
that is concerned with the
natural environment and the
human beings place within it.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHILOSOPHY
a sub-discipline under
environmental philosophy that
studies the moral relationship
of human beings to the
environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
A philosophical perspective
affirming humans ability and
responsibility to lead ethical
lives towards personal
fulfillment
HUMANISM
A human centered philosophical
viewpoint arguing that human
beings are the central or most
significant entities in the
world.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
A philosophical perspective
that holds that Earth’s ecology
and ecosystems (including its
atmosphere, water, land, and
all life forms) have intrinsic
value.
ECOCENTRISM
Study of the relationships
between living organisms,
including humans, and their
physical environment
ECOLOGY
Refers to the structural and
functional unit of ecology. It
is defined as the interaction
between organisms and the
surrounding environment.
ECOSYSTEM
Theory that implies that the
whole system cannot be
determined or explained by its
component parts alone. Parts
cannot exist independently of
the whole
HOLISM
A philosophical perspective
that implies that all living
organism including plants are
deserving of equal moral and
ethical considerations.
BIOCENTRISM
He is an Australian moral
philosopher for him humans
have moral obligation to not
cause or inflict pain to
animal.
PETER SINGER
