Period Two (1607-1754)

Question 1

Encomienda system

Answer 1

A forced labor system that subjugated the native populations for them to work on a colonist-owned plantation and led to closer interactions (not necessarily positive) between natives and Spanish.

Question 2

Cortez

Answer 2

A prominent conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire through transmitted pathogens and his small band of soldiers.

Question 3

Mission system

Answer 3

A harsh yet less violent attempt to convert and Westernize the natives, avoiding slaughter while still rejecting native culture wholly.

Question 4

New Netherlands

Answer 4

A melting-pot society founded by and for Dutch fur trappers, acted as an economic hub for the fur trade (this relied on healthy relationships with natives)

Question 5

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 5

The first successful French explorer, tried to ally with natives for economic and territorial gain, set stage for permanent French settlements

Question 6

Jamestown

Answer 6

An English colony founded as a safe haven for Puritan families and couples fleeing religious persecution

Question 7

Starving time

Answer 7

A harsh winter for the Jamestown colony that led to massive die-off as crops failed and food stores ran out

Question 8

Tobacco

Answer 8

A crucial cash crop that thrived in the Virginian climate, motivated many migrants to seek a wealthier life in America

Question 9

Chesapeake colony

Answer 9

A colony that had a high proportion of indentured servants, whose passage was paid for by colonists in exchange for plenty of land

Question 10

Middle Passage

Answer 10

A trade route for ships carrying African slaves, helped colonies eventually substitute indentured servants for slave labor

Question 11

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 11

An uprising of indentured servants and dissatisfied Whites against Virginia’s Gov. Berkeley that undermined the indentured servitude institution

Question 12

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 12

In Salem, Mass., a short period of religious zeal and widespread paranoia where people used accusations of witchcraft to strike back at others

Question 13

Subsistence farming

Answer 13

A farming practice where each farm produced enough to feed its family and did not produce for surplus, sale, or export

Question 14

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 14

A religious rebel who ran her own Protestant sect, despite opposition toward her different views and gender; also highlights the irony in Puritans being discriminatory

Question 15

Harvard College

Answer 15

A very old college founded to educate Puritan clergy, shows the extent of Puritan appreciation for education

Question 16

Quakers

Answer 16

A religious group who encouraged religious toleration and rejected Christian sacraments

Question 17

Breadbasket colonies

Answer 17

A term for the middle colonies, as they were productive in producing cereal crops

Question 18

William Penn

Answer 18

Founder of Pennsylvania, a colony with many religious and racial minorities (even White minorities)

Question 19

Rice

Answer 19

A labor-intensive crop that grew well in the tropic-like south, requiring many slaves for each plantation

Question 20

Mayflower Compact

Answer 20

A relatively democratic constitution based on a social contract for the Mayflower passengers

Question 21

House of Burgesses

Answer 21

The first legislative assembly in N. America, established by the Virginia Company; elected through town meetings, creating a representative government

Question 22

Massachusetts General Court

Answer 22

An appeals court run by the colonial assembly in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 23

Triangular trade

Answer 23

European manufactured goods to African slavers. African slaves to American colonies. American crops and materials to Europe. Europe makes finished products. Repeat.

Question 24

Praying towns

Answer 24

Puritan towns developed to Westernize and Christianize native populations, creating heavy and often unwelcome cultural influences on natives

Question 25

Beaver Wars

Answer 25

A war between the Dutch-backed Iroquois and a French-backed coalition of tribes; a proxy war representing tensions among Europeans

Question 26

Navigation Acts

Answer 26

A series of poorly-enforced mercantilist measures that restricted colonial trade and angered colonial merchants

Question 27

Pequot War

Answer 27

A conflict between English colonists and English-backed natives against Pequot tribe, stemming from Pequot anger over British intrusion into fur trade

Question 28

King Philip’s War

Answer 28

A war between Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag chief Metacom (son of Massasoit) representing a broken friendship

Question 29

Mestizo

Answer 29

A person with both native and Spanish ancestry, mestizo culture was mix between native and Spanish cultures

Question 30

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 30

A successful uprising against Spanish by the Pueblo that essentially drove Spanish out of New Mexico and led to Spanish being more accepting of native culture out of fear

Question 31

Enlightenment

Answer 31

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism, leading to many new political schools of thought

Question 32

Great Awakening

Answer 32

A Christian evangelical movement in reaction to the Enlightenment that emphasized an emotional experience with God, opened new schisms between Christian sects

Question 33

Old Lights and New Lights

Answer 33

Old Lights: traditional Christian thought

New Lights: evangelical Christian thought

Question 34

George Whitefield

Answer 34

Founder of Methodism, an evangelical preacher with a large following, inspired many other movements too

Question 35

Anglicization

Answer 35

The process of making the colonies more English, in terms of politics and society

Question 36

Republicanism

Answer 36

A political system where a democratically elected body of officials decided public policy (English roots)

Question 37

Salutary neglect

Answer 37

The act of deregulating the colonies and allowing them to be independent, creating an autonomous mentality in the colonies

Question 38

John Zenger

Answer 38

A printer whose criticism of Governor Cosby was successfully defended in court, set precedent for freedom of press

Question 39

Mercantilism

Answer 39

An economic system where the country with the most resources and fewest exports performed the best.
Britain believed in this system strongly.

Question 40

Dominion of New England

Answer 40

A political union with constitutional monarchy that introduced Anglican thought to colonies; colonists overthrew this system quickly

Question 41

John Locke

Answer 41

A European Enlightenment philosopher who outlined the social contract (consent of the governed is imperative) and the concept of natural rights

Question 42

Edmund Andros

Answer 42

Governor of the Dominion of New England, was Anglican and acted like a monarch; overthrown after a few years

Question 43

Plantation agriculture

Answer 43

An economic system relying on large cash crop farms to generate revenue, required a large slave population

Question 44

Stono Rebellion

Answer 44

A slave revolt instigated by Spanish promises for freedom, led to stricter slave laws and fewer freed slaves

Question 45

Barbados Slave Code

Answer 45

Established slavery as a chattel institution, gave the slave owners significant rights over the slaves (who had next-to-no rights)

Question 46

Work slowdowns

Answer 46

One of many ways for slaves to rebel covertly against their masters, effectively sabotaging their money supply by working slowly