Period 4 Pass-off

Question 1

Revolution of 1800

Answer 1

First peaceful transfer of power between parties, though Federalists appoint “midnight judges”—including Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall—to maintain influence through the Judiciary branch.

Question 2

The Pragmatic President

Answer 2

Jefferson stays true to his strict constructionist beliefs (eliminates Whiskey Tax and Alien/Sedition Acts) but also completes Louisiana Purchase without constitutional authority.

Question 3

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 3

Chief Justice John Marshall asserts that the Supreme Court has the power of “Judicial Review” to decide whether federal laws are constitutional or not.

Question 4

Babary States (Tripoli, Tunisia, Algiers)

Answer 4

Jefferson rejects their demands for tribute (“millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”) and the American navy and marines defeat them in battle.

Question 5

Embargo Act (1807)

Answer 5

Jefferson stops all trade with Europe, hoping “peaceable coercion” will get England and Napoleon to stop impressing American sailors and seizing cargoes. It fails.

Question 6

“War Hawks”

Answer 6

Young nationalist politicians who vote to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812 to end British alliances with Indians out west and invade Canada.

Question 7

War of 1812

Answer 7

Ends in stalemate, but Andrew Jackson’s victory at Battle of New Orleans boosts American nationalism, leading some to call it the “2nd War for Independence”.

Question 8

(short-lived) Era of Good Feelings

Answer 8

Federalists fade away after Hartford Convention scandal, leaving only the Republicans.

Question 9

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 9

proposes that Missouri must ban slavery to become a state. It passes the House but not the Senate, leading South to suspect a Northern conspiracy to limit slavery.

Question 10

Missouri Compromise

Answer 10

Henry Clay temporarily preserves free-state slave-state balance – Maine enters as a free state, Missouri as a slave state and slavery is banned in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′.

Question 11

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 11

Announcement that the Western Hemisphere is off limits to further European colonization, marking a more assertive American foreign policy, even though it doesn’t have the military to enforce it.

Question 12

“Corrupt Bargain” of 1825

Answer 12

Jackson wins popular vote, but no candidate wins majority of electoral vote, so election is decided in the House of Representatives. Speaker Henry Clay swings vote towards JQA, who then names Clay Secretary of State. JQA’s presidency is tainted by scandal and Jackson wins 4 years later.

Question 13

Universal white male suffrage

Answer 13

shift from elite property owners to mass politics and political machines explains “Old Hickory” war hero Andrew Jackson’s popularity.

Question 14

“King Andrew”

Answer 14

President Jackson expands the power of the presidency, vetoing more bills than predecessors combined and using the “spoils system” to reward supporters

Question 15

1830 Indian Removal Act

Answer 15

forces remaining Indians east of the Mississippi River to move to Oklahoma territory, ignoring Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia. Florida Seminoles (under chief Osceola) and Sauk and Fox (under Chief Blackhawk) are temporarily successful in resisting.

Question 16

Nullification Crisis

Answer 16

Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition and Protest declares the state can “nullify” the “Tariff of Abominations.” Jackson’s Force Bill threatens war, but Clay negotiates a new lower tariff.

Question 17

Bank Battle

Answer 17

Nicholas Biddle applies to renew the National Bank charter. Jackson vetoes it and transfers federal money to “pet banks” , causing the Panic of 1837. All anti-Jackson factions coalesce into the Whig Party

Question 18

“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

Answer 18

Whigs copy Democrats by portraying war hero Harrison as “log cabin and hard cider” common man

Question 19

Lewis and Clark expedition

Answer 19

Called the “Corps of Discovery”, sent to map Louisiana Purchase, look for all-water route to Pacific, establish good relations with Indians, and stake claim to Oregon.

Question 20

Pan-Indian Resistance Movement

Answer 20

spiritual leader the “Prophet” urges Indians to stop assimilating into white society and return to their traditional beliefs, while military leader Tecumseh tries to get tribes to stop fighting each other and unite in battle against Americans. Defeated in the War of 1812.

Question 21

(1821) Newly-independent Mexico

Answer 21

struggles to control fringe states of California, New Mexico, & Texas. At first, “empresarios” like Stephen Austin are allowed to recruit American settlers into Texas, but Mexico cracks down.

Question 22

General Sam Houston

Answer 22

Texan independence from Mexico is recognized in 1836, but southern border is dispute. Texas claims it is the Rio Grande. Mexico says it is the Rio Nueces.

Question 23

Lone Star Republic

Answer 23

Texas waits to be annexed by the U.S. - President Jackson is hesitant to upset the balance of free states and slave states. Lame duck President Tyler finally annexes Texas after Polk wins the “Manifest Destiny” election of 1844.

Question 24

New technologies

Answer 24

John Deere’s Steel Plow opens up the Great Plains to agriculture. McCormick Reaper frees up farm labor to work in cities. Eli Whitney’s manufacturing of muskets with interchangeable parts demonstrates benefits of mass production.

Question 25

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Answer 25

makes large scale cotton cultivation profitable by removing the bottleneck of removing seeds by hand. A labor-saving device that ironically increased the demand for slave labor. Instead of slowly dying out, slavery expands westward.

Question 26

Market Revolution

Answer 26

Each region specializes in products it can sell nation-wide after transportation innovations like turnpikes (the National Road), steamboats that sail upriver (Robert Fulton’s Clermont), canals, and railroads (The Baltimore and Ohio).

Question 27

Erie Canal

Answer 27

completed between Albany on Hudson River and Buffalo on Lake Erie, tying the West closer to New York City than New Orleans.

Question 28

The American System

Answer 28

Proposed by Henry Clay to strengthen the economy. Contains 3 parts: (1) a National Bank, (2) a protective tariff to help local industry, and (3) federally-funded internal improvements (roads, canals) to promote trade.

Question 29

The Lowell System

Answer 29

Fast-moving New England rivers that don’t freeze in winter make the region ideal for water wheel-powered textile mills. The Lowell Textile Mill is an experiment to hire farmer’s daughters to work in wholesome work environment. As mill girls tire of tedious factory work and pay cuts, new Irish immigrants are cheaper labor source.

Question 30

2nd Great Awakening

Answer 30

strongest in the newly-settled West (first tent revival meeting at Cane Ridge, Kentucky) and market towns along the Erie Canal (“burned over district”). “Evangelicalism” teaches that everyone can be saved through an emotional born-again experience, and social reform is necessary to prepare for the millennium.

Question 31

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 31

The Market Revolution led to more distinct gender roles in middle class families. A husband’s sphere was work and politics, while a wife, because of her innate purity and natural weakness, was the moral guardian of the home.

Question 32

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 32

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, women challenge the “cult of domesticity” by getting involved in temperance and abolition movements. Men reject this participation, inspiring this first women’s rights meeting and the writing of the “ Declaration of Sentiments.”

Question 33

Transcendentalists

Answer 33

Social movement that stressed the individual’s ability to connect with divine truth through spiritual communion with nature, rejecting organized religion. Famous members included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (author of “Walden”).

Question 34

Utopian communities

Answer 34

Perfectionist impulses led to various social experiments: the Mormons in Nauvoo, the Transcendentalists at Brook Farm, the celibate Shakers, and the “complex marriage” Oneidans.

Question 35

Antebellum social reformers

Answer 35

Pre-Civil War, Horace Mann standardizes public education in Massachusetts and Dorothea Dix advocates for humane treatment and rehabilitation in mental asylums.

Question 36

Spectrum of Abolitionist beliefs

Answer 36

from gradual, compensated, ‘back to Africa” recolonization (American Colonization Society founded Liberia w/ freed slaves) to immediate, uncompensated, abolition AND equality (William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator)

Question 37

Slave Revolts

Answer 37

Denmark Vesey, Gabriel Prosser, and Nat Turner lead Southerners to restrict rights of free blacks and pass laws against teaching slaves how to read.

Question 38

Southern defense of slavery

Answer 38

Upset by growing abolitionism, southerners push back: (1) censor mail to stop abolition pamphlets (2) pass “gag” rule to silence abolitionist petitions in congress, (3) call slavery a “positive good” rather than a “necessary evil”