Period 3: Essential Question 1 Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminating in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians?
eq1
Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French–Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
answer 1
Indian nation shifted alliances among competing European powers.
answer 2
Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
answer 3
After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
answer 4
The Navigation Acts
1651
Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.
The Molasses Acts
1733
What: act stopping north American trade with the French West Indies
Why: British west Indian planters were losing profit because bought cheap french molasses instead
Reaction: Bribery, smuggling
The Proclamation of 1763
1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
The Sugar Act
1764
WHAT: reduced tax on molasses from 6 pence to 3 pence, but put tax on wine, coffee, etc. Greenville took strict manners
WHY: regulate trade to the benefit of Britain revenue to defray cost of garrisons in America
REACTION: viewed as internal tax without consent by colonial legislatures. Smuggling, boycott
The Currency Act
1764 (1751)
GREENVILLE
WHAT: an act responding to protest by London merchants against Virginia’s paper money
WHY: to defend colonists and keep “specie” as the currency.
REACTION: angry and frustrated because many didnt have silver or gold. They began protest and smuggled goods
First Committees of Correspondence
1764
Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
The Stamp Act
1765
(passed under Greenville, repealed under Rockingham)
WHAT: Parliament passed that every legal document and publication would have a stamp tax
WHY: To put direct tax on colonies, get more money
REACTION: hit hardest on exactly all the wrong people, colonists lashed back violently, burned stamps, collectors rid out of town, hanged or tarred
Henry, Otis, Daughters/Sons of Liberty
The Quartering Act
1765
(mutiny act)
WHAT: An act passed to help soldiers provide them with houses, beer, candles etc
WHY: To provide safe quarters for soldiers at war
REACTION: Concerned how cost would affect their wallets and anxious about soldiers living with some of them
Stamps Act Congress
1765
A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act in 1765. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.
Sons/ Daughters of Liberty
1765
A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
Repeal of the Stamp Act
1766
Parliament repeals the Stamp Act (repealing was effected by boycotts and Stamp Act Congress, which voiced anger at taxes). But, it also set up the Declaratory Act.
Declaratory Act
1766
Parliament repeals the Stamp Act (repealing was effected by boycotts and Stamp Act Congress, which voiced anger at taxes). But, it also set up the Declaratory Act.
The Townshend Acts
1767
WHAT: Light import tax on glass, white lead, paint, paper, and tea, payable at American ports (indirect tax) right to use writs of assistance was reaffirmed
WHY: repealed all but tea duty by 1770
REACTION: non importation agreements
Non importation agreement
1768
The height of boycott of English goods
The Tea Act
1773
designed to aid the floundering East India Company and in fact made tea cheaper; however colonists felt that it broadsided colonial merchants and smugglers and was an effort to garner support for previous taxes
Boston Tea Party
1773
in a radical form of defiance, on December 16, 1773, sixteen men dressed as Mohawk Indians board three ships in Boston Harbor, carrying mainly tea, and dump their contents in the Harbor; as punishment, the Coercive Acts are installed the following June
The Intolerable/ Coercive Acts
1774
acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials
First Continental Congress
1774
gathering of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies in; discussed action to be carried out in response to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, adopted a Declaration of American Rights, urged MA to arm for defense, adopted the Continental Association to boycott British goods
Lexington and Concord
1775
These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
Second Continental Congress
1775
These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
Common Sense
1776
Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense in 1776, in which argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals - one that would protect man’s natural rights. Common Sense became so popular that many historians credit it with dissolving the final barriers to the fight for independence.
The Declaration of Independence
1776
The Declaration of Independence was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies’ separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” upon which the American Revolution was based.
