Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards
1
Q
What were the main empires at war and what were they fighting for?
A
Great Britain vs. Spain and France
fighting for supremacy of West Indies, Canada, and Colonial Trade
2
Q
King Williams War
A
1689-1697
British tried to capture Quebec from the French, but the (F) and (I) forces burned british settlements
3
Q
Queen Annes War
A
(1702-1713)
After King Williams War
Britain succeeded in gaining Novia Scottia from France and trading rights with Spaniards
4
Q
King George War
A
(1744-1748)
British War but the colonist faced the attacks from Spain and French
Oglethorpe fought and colonial militia fought against the attacks and captures Louisbourg
5
Q
Why were the colonists mad after K. George War?
A
Because Britain gave back Louisbourg (colonial victory) in order to have trading rights with India
6
Q
What was the difference between the French and Indian wars in comparison to the prior 3 wars (King George, Queen Annes, and King Williams)
A
FI started in America and spread to Europe
7
Q
What is the difference between the 7-year war and the FI Indian war?
A
SAME WAR
FI was fought in America
7yr was fought in Europe
8
Q
What provoked the British to wage war during the FI war
A
French had begun to build chain of forts along the Ohio River in order to halt the expansion of British colonies
9
Q
How did the British adress the expansion of France on the Ohio River?
A
sent a small militia under the command of GW who eventually had to surrender to the superior force of the FI
10
Q
When did Washingtons Milita first strike in the FI war?
A
Sumer of 1754
11
Q
Who was General E. Braddock
A
leader of the second attack on Ft. Duquesne
12
Q
Where was Ft. Duquesne
A
Pittsburg
Controlled by the FI at the beginning of the war
13
Q
The Albany Plan of Union year?
A
1754
14
Q
What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?
A
to help develop a system in which the intercolonial governments could recruit troops and collect taxes from the colonies
15
Q
who wrote the Alb. Plan Union
A
Ben Franklin
16
Q
Who was William Pitt
A
British PM 1770s (during the FI war)
17
Q
which fort did Britain take back in 1758?
A
Louisbourg
18
Q
What was surrendered to General James Wolf in 1759
A
Quebec
19
Q
What area was taken by the (B) 1760
A
Montreal
20
Q
What resulted from the previous B victories in 1763?
A
the peace of paris
21
Q
The Peace of Paris in terms of B
A
gained Spanish Florida and French Canada
22
Q
Immediate Effects of the French and Indian War
A
Unchallenged British supremacy in NA
Dominant B naval power
American colonies no longe rhad to face the threats of French attacks
Changed the views between B and C
23
Q
Post FI war B Opinion
A
C had bad military, poorly trained, unable and unwilling to defend newly gained frontiers
24
Q
Post FI war C Opinion
A
independent mindset
realized they could defend themselves
25
post FI war British Policy
end of salutary neglect
increased control
increased taxes
26
Year of Pon Rebell
1763
27
Reason Pont. Rebel
Indians were angered by the growing W. movement of the C
28
Pont. Rebel.
B put troops in to end the violence
29
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited movement past App. Mount. for C
| increased anger in C
30
3 acts of Lord G. Greenville
Sugar Act
Quartering
Stamp
31
Greenville
British PM
32
Sugar Act
1764
raised duties on foreign sugar and luxuries
increased mandating of Navigation Acts
33
Quartering Act
1765
| required colonists to let soldiers in their homes
34
Stamp Act
1765
| put stamps on paper goods in order to collect direct tax
35
Patrick Henry
Virginia Lawyer when he stood up at the house of Burgasse and talked about the rights of people-
no taxation w/o representation
36
James Otis
from Massachusetts
| started rebellion against Stamp Act
37
Stamp- Act Congress
Reps. came together in NY and decided that only state governments could decide when to tax
38
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
society that used tar and feathers (violence) and destroyed stamps in order to fight against the stamp act
39
What finally made the Stamp Act go away
when colonist boycotted B goods
40
importance of 1766
replaced B PM (Greenville)
repeal of the Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
41
Declaration Act
1766
| stated the B had the right to make laws and tax the C no matter what
42
The Townshed Acts
1767
permitted search of C homes for smuggled goods
B mandated and controlled C salaries
increased tax on goods (tea glass and paper)
43
letters from a Farmer
1768
Dickison
said that this the townshed acts were still a form of taxation with out representation
44
Massachusetts Circular Letter
1768
Otis and Adams
send to C legislat. that encouraged the colonists to petition
45
How did the king react to the Massachusetts Circular Letter and letters from a farmer?
increased # of B in Colonies and threatened to dissolve the colonial legals.
46
Repeal of the Town Shed Act?
1770 bc of new B PM (Fredrick) bc of the colonial boycott
| however kept tax on tea
47
Boston Masacre
B guards killed harassing C and were tried
48
Committees of Correspondence
Sam Adams in 1770-1773 proliferated the idea that the British were taking rights away from C
49
The Gaspee
was a ship that patrolled the ports and had caught C smugglers. 1772, a groups of colonists dressed as American Indians destroyed the ship.
50
Tea Act
1773 to help fund the British East India Comp. made the tea (with tax included) cheaper then Dutch Tea
51
Boston Tea Party
radicals dumped tea into the Boston Harbor to show that they would not be misrepresented.
52
Intolerable Acts
```
In reaction to the Boston Tea Party 1774
The port Act
The Mass Gov Act
The Admin of Just Act
Expansion of Quatering Act
```
53
Port Act 1774
closed port until tea was payed for
54
Mass Gov Act 1774
reduced C power (legals.)
55
Admin of Justice 1774
allowed royal government to be tried in GB instead of C
56
Quatering Act in 1774
Allowed stay in PRIVATE homes
57
Quebec Act 1774
extended the boundary of Quebec
| Roman Cahtolisism
58
The Era of Enlightenment
peaked mid 1700s (18th)
god had established natural laws in creating the universe
reason science respect for humaniity
59
Continental Congress #1
1774
all colonies besides Geogia sent rep. to Philadelphia to responde to Britains alarming threats to their liberty
waned to change British Policy
60
Radical Delegates of CC#1
```
Patrick Henry (virg)
Sam Adams (Mass)
John Adam (Mass)
```
61
Moderate Delegates of CC#1
```
GW (Virg)
John Dickinson (Penn)
```
62
Conservatives Delegates of CC#1
```
John Jay (NY)
Galloway (Penn)
```
63
Galloway Plan
1. Suffolk Resolves
2. Declaration fo Rights and Grievances
3. Contenentail Association
64
Soffolk Resolves
repeal all intolerable acts
65
Dec. of Rights and Greive.
king to recognize the ways that he had disrepected colonists
66
Continental association
a group of colonists to enforce
67
Lexington and Concord
1775 Thomas Gage leads British to seize but minute men warn the militia and fight against Britain
68
Minute men
Revere and Dawes
69
Battle of Bunkerhill
1775 british conquer the hill but the C hurt the B army
70
CC #2
```
1775
NE want to seperate
M want to reform
Declaration of causes and ness. to take arms
create C military
```
71
Colonial Military of 1775
raid/attack colonial ships
GW of army
and Arndold to raid Quebec
72
Peace Efforts of 1775
Olive Branch Petition
73
Olive Branch Petition
pledged loyality and in return that the king respect and secure protection of the colonies liberties (this petition was rejected)
74
Prohibitory Act
in reaction to the Olive Branch Petition (claimed the colonists to be in a state of rebellion)
75
Thomas Paine
1776 "common sense" need to break form B
76
"Common Sense"
logic
big body can't be ruled by little body
loyal to injustice is dumb
77
Dec. Independence
1776
| R.H Lee of Virginia introduced a resolution to become independent
78
Patriots in the Rev. War
soldiers were mainly on volunteer
| poorly equipped
79
African Americans in Rev. War
B and then C promised to free AA who fought
80
Peter Salem
Rev. War. Black. Hero
81
Tories
Loyalists
82
Tories in the Rev. War
fought with B
83
William Franklin
son of B Franklin
Torie
last Royal Governor of NJ
84
Tories after the war
went to B or Canada
85
American Indians in Rev War
against the Colonists
86
1775-1777
New York, Philadelphia, Valley Forge (C terrible time)
87
Valley Forge
winter with GW and his patriots
88
problems form 1775-1777
british occupied the ports... inflation, poverty, no goods...
89
Battle of Saratoga
1777NY, Beat Borgoyne and gained backing of France
90
1778
France allies with Colonies against B
91
1778 King of France
Louis XVI
92
Absolute Monarch
king (complete control)
93
British reaction to increased colonial power
concentrated NY (removed themselves from Philadelphia)
94
1778-1779) Colonial Victories
Clark leads the capture of Illinois forts
95
1780 British Policy
British focus on the Southern States (many loyalists)
96
Battle of York Town
Chesapeake Bay
French backed
C wins over B
97
1783 Importance
Treaty of Paris
98
Treaty of Paris
1783
1. B recognize C indpendence
2. Mississippi River war the boundary of W expansion
3. C have fishing rights in Canada
4. C have to pay the debts to B
99
1777 Colonial Government
state and congress
100
State government
representatives
| constitutions
101
Liberals
liberty and rights
102
COnserv.
Need for Law and Order
103
Important aspects of Constitutions in 1777
rights, separation of power, voting
104
Constitution in 1777
was made into the Aricles of Confederation
105
Articles of Confederation
Country Consitution
106
Congress
Rep.
I vote per state
Admen art. 13/13
Vote 9/13
107
Powers of Congress
COULD war, treaties, diplomatic rep, borrow money
| COULD NOT tax
108
Taxation in the colonies
was voted on by the States
109
Land Ordinance
1785
surveying/selling western lands
public education was very important
110
NW Land Ordinance
1787
set rules for creating new states
limited independent government in these regions
no slaves
111
Problems with the Articles
paper $ worthless
could not tax
on global respect
B and Spain tried to take advantage
112
Shays Rebellion
1786 farmers rebel against high sales tax, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper $ (which was successful until they tried to steal guns from the Springfield Army in 1787)
113
Annapolis Convention
1786
| after meeting at GW house five of the states came to talk
114
Philadelphia Convention
```
1787
all states (besides rhode island) to create a constitution
```
115
Framers of the Constitution
55 delagates
| white male lawyers
116
George Washinton in the Philadelphia Convention
chairsperson
117
Ben Farnklin in the Philadelphia Convention
calm old wise men
118
James Madison
Father of the Constitution
119
Other important people in the Philadelphia Convention
Hamilton Morris Dickinson
120
Nationalists
Madison Harrison wanted to draft a ew constitution
121
Virginia Plan
Madison
favored big states
proportional
122
New Jersey Plan
small states
| 1 share
123
Conneticute Plan
| Great Compromise
Sherman
| Senete and House representation
124
Senate
1 vote
125
House
Proportional
126
Slavery in the Constitution
3/5 a person
| garunteed 20 more years of slavery
127
Trade 1777
NE states wanted central government to regulate trade
S was scared that of export tax
there fore commercial compromise
128
Commercial Compromise
Congress regulate and prohibit export tax
129
Federalists Leaders
GW, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton
130
Federalists Arguments
Strong Centeral Government
131
Federalists thought that (in regards to const)
didn't need a bill of rights
| Articles of Con. suck
132
A-Fed Leaders
Mason, Henry, Winthrop, Hancock, Clinton
133
A-Fed Arguments
central government hurts liberty
| individual rights
134
The Federalist Papers
Jay, Madison, Hamilton
135
What helped to get the rest of the states on board with the constitution (A-Fed)
adding a bill of rights
136
What happened 1789?
GW President
137
In the cabinet of 1789?
Jefferson/SOS
Hamilton/SOT
Knox/SOW
Randolph/Gen
138
Mt. Vernon Conference
George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented
139
Electoral College System
delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule
140
Judiciary Act (1789)
Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and 5 associate justices; empowered to rule on constitutionality of decisions made by state courts; act also provided for a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals
141
National debt
Hamilton proposed to pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states
142
Infant industries
Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation's new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods
143
National bank
Hamilton proposed to create a national bank for depositing govt funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a state US currency
144
Tariffs;
excise taxes to raise enough revenue to pay govt debts, Hamilton got Congress to pass these on certain goods (i.e. Whiskey)
145
French Revolution
When it broke out, France and US had an alliance with French monarchy but not the revolutionary republic; agreed with France and France's side especially against Britain
146
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Washington believed the young nation was not strong enough to go to war and as a result, he proclaimed neutrality in the French conflict
147
"Citizen" Edmund Genet
Objecting to Washington's policy, Genet, the French ambassador to the US, broke all the normal rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people in support of the French cause
148
Jay Treaty
(1794) US was tired of British searches and seizures of American ships and impressments of seamen into the British navy; after a year of talks, he made a treaty with British where they agreed to evacuate Western frontier posts, but said nothing of British seizures of American merchant ships
149
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Thomas Pinckney, US Ambassador to Spain, negotiated a treaty with Spain to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to America
150
Right of deposit
ability for Americans to transit cargoes to New Orleans without paying duties to Spanish govt
151
Battle of Fallen Timbers
General Wayne defeats Shawnee, Wyandot and other Native Americans in this battle in NW Ohio; the next year, the Chiefs of the defeated peoples agreed to the Greenville Treaty where they surrendered the Ohio Territory for settlement
152
Whisky Rebellion
(1794) PA, farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey and they attacked revenue collects; Washington federalized 15000 state militiamen and put them under Hamilton's command, scaring the farmers and ending the rebellion
153
Public Land Act
(1796) established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices
154
Federalist Era
1790s were dominated by two Federalist figures around which political parties formed: Hamilton and Jefferson; Hamilton's federalists supposed his financial programs (loose interpretation of Constitution but strong central government)
155
Democratic-Republican party
supported Jefferson (anti Hamilton programs); southern state support and western frontier, whose political platform protected states' rights and strict containment of federal power
156
Washington's farewell Address
called for Americans to not get involved in European affairs, no permanent alliances, no political parties, and no sectionalism
157
two-term tradition
Washington left after two terms of office and set a precedent that was followed by all until FDR
158
John Adams
Federalist candidate, and winner by 3 electoral votes; Jefferson was VP because he had 2nd most votes
159
XYZ Affair
when Americans were angered by prospect of US merchant ships being taken by the French, emissaries were sent to France by Adams and French Ministers X, Y, and Z requested bribes before negotiations could be had; delegates were livid and wanted war but Adams diffused the situation and sent new ministers
160
Alien Act
authorized president to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war
161
Sedition Act
made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed heavy penalties on those who broke the law
162
KY and VA resolutions
KY (Jefferson) and VA (Madison), which declared that the states had entered into a "compact" in forming the national government and therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify federal law
163
Revolution of 1800
in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, and taxes, Jefferson won the election of 1800 and it was called a revolution because it was a successful transfer from one political party to another done without violence (Federalist to Democratic-Republican)
