Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards
What were the main empires at war and what were they fighting for?
Great Britain vs. Spain and France
fighting for supremacy of West Indies, Canada, and Colonial Trade
King Williams War
1689-1697
British tried to capture Quebec from the French, but the (F) and (I) forces burned british settlements
Queen Annes War
(1702-1713)
After King Williams War
Britain succeeded in gaining Novia Scottia from France and trading rights with Spaniards
King George War
(1744-1748)
British War but the colonist faced the attacks from Spain and French
Oglethorpe fought and colonial militia fought against the attacks and captures Louisbourg
Why were the colonists mad after K. George War?
Because Britain gave back Louisbourg (colonial victory) in order to have trading rights with India
What was the difference between the French and Indian wars in comparison to the prior 3 wars (King George, Queen Annes, and King Williams)
FI started in America and spread to Europe
What is the difference between the 7-year war and the FI Indian war?
SAME WAR
FI was fought in America
7yr was fought in Europe
What provoked the British to wage war during the FI war
French had begun to build chain of forts along the Ohio River in order to halt the expansion of British colonies
How did the British adress the expansion of France on the Ohio River?
sent a small militia under the command of GW who eventually had to surrender to the superior force of the FI
When did Washingtons Milita first strike in the FI war?
Sumer of 1754
Who was General E. Braddock
leader of the second attack on Ft. Duquesne
Where was Ft. Duquesne
Pittsburg
Controlled by the FI at the beginning of the war
The Albany Plan of Union year?
1754
What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?
to help develop a system in which the intercolonial governments could recruit troops and collect taxes from the colonies
who wrote the Alb. Plan Union
Ben Franklin
Who was William Pitt
British PM 1770s (during the FI war)
which fort did Britain take back in 1758?
Louisbourg
What was surrendered to General James Wolf in 1759
Quebec
What area was taken by the (B) 1760
Montreal
What resulted from the previous B victories in 1763?
the peace of paris
The Peace of Paris in terms of B
gained Spanish Florida and French Canada
Immediate Effects of the French and Indian War
Unchallenged British supremacy in NA
Dominant B naval power
American colonies no longe rhad to face the threats of French attacks
Changed the views between B and C
Post FI war B Opinion
C had bad military, poorly trained, unable and unwilling to defend newly gained frontiers
Post FI war C Opinion
independent mindset
realized they could defend themselves
post FI war British Policy
end of salutary neglect
increased control
increased taxes
Year of Pon Rebell
1763
Reason Pont. Rebel
Indians were angered by the growing W. movement of the C
Pont. Rebel.
B put troops in to end the violence
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited movement past App. Mount. for C
increased anger in C
3 acts of Lord G. Greenville
Sugar Act
Quartering
Stamp
Greenville
British PM
Sugar Act
1764
raised duties on foreign sugar and luxuries
increased mandating of Navigation Acts
Quartering Act
1765
required colonists to let soldiers in their homes
Stamp Act
1765
put stamps on paper goods in order to collect direct tax
Patrick Henry
Virginia Lawyer when he stood up at the house of Burgasse and talked about the rights of people-
no taxation w/o representation
James Otis
from Massachusetts
started rebellion against Stamp Act
Stamp- Act Congress
Reps. came together in NY and decided that only state governments could decide when to tax
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
society that used tar and feathers (violence) and destroyed stamps in order to fight against the stamp act
What finally made the Stamp Act go away
when colonist boycotted B goods
importance of 1766
replaced B PM (Greenville)
repeal of the Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
Declaration Act
1766
stated the B had the right to make laws and tax the C no matter what
The Townshed Acts
1767
permitted search of C homes for smuggled goods
B mandated and controlled C salaries
increased tax on goods (tea glass and paper)
letters from a Farmer
1768
Dickison
said that this the townshed acts were still a form of taxation with out representation
Massachusetts Circular Letter
1768
Otis and Adams
send to C legislat. that encouraged the colonists to petition
How did the king react to the Massachusetts Circular Letter and letters from a farmer?
increased # of B in Colonies and threatened to dissolve the colonial legals.
Repeal of the Town Shed Act?
1770 bc of new B PM (Fredrick) bc of the colonial boycott
however kept tax on tea
Boston Masacre
B guards killed harassing C and were tried
Committees of Correspondence
Sam Adams in 1770-1773 proliferated the idea that the British were taking rights away from C
The Gaspee
was a ship that patrolled the ports and had caught C smugglers. 1772, a groups of colonists dressed as American Indians destroyed the ship.
Tea Act
1773 to help fund the British East India Comp. made the tea (with tax included) cheaper then Dutch Tea
Boston Tea Party
radicals dumped tea into the Boston Harbor to show that they would not be misrepresented.
Intolerable Acts
In reaction to the Boston Tea Party 1774 The port Act The Mass Gov Act The Admin of Just Act Expansion of Quatering Act
Port Act 1774
closed port until tea was payed for
Mass Gov Act 1774
reduced C power (legals.)
Admin of Justice 1774
allowed royal government to be tried in GB instead of C
Quatering Act in 1774
Allowed stay in PRIVATE homes
Quebec Act 1774
extended the boundary of Quebec
Roman Cahtolisism
The Era of Enlightenment
peaked mid 1700s (18th)
god had established natural laws in creating the universe
reason science respect for humaniity
Continental Congress #1
1774
all colonies besides Geogia sent rep. to Philadelphia to responde to Britains alarming threats to their liberty
waned to change British Policy
Radical Delegates of CC#1
Patrick Henry (virg) Sam Adams (Mass) John Adam (Mass)
Moderate Delegates of CC#1
GW (Virg) John Dickinson (Penn)
Conservatives Delegates of CC#1
John Jay (NY) Galloway (Penn)
Galloway Plan
- Suffolk Resolves
- Declaration fo Rights and Grievances
- Contenentail Association
Soffolk Resolves
repeal all intolerable acts
Dec. of Rights and Greive.
king to recognize the ways that he had disrepected colonists
Continental association
a group of colonists to enforce
Lexington and Concord
1775 Thomas Gage leads British to seize but minute men warn the militia and fight against Britain
Minute men
Revere and Dawes
Battle of Bunkerhill
1775 british conquer the hill but the C hurt the B army
CC #2
1775 NE want to seperate M want to reform Declaration of causes and ness. to take arms create C military
Colonial Military of 1775
raid/attack colonial ships
GW of army
and Arndold to raid Quebec
Peace Efforts of 1775
Olive Branch Petition
Olive Branch Petition
pledged loyality and in return that the king respect and secure protection of the colonies liberties (this petition was rejected)
Prohibitory Act
in reaction to the Olive Branch Petition (claimed the colonists to be in a state of rebellion)
Thomas Paine
1776 “common sense” need to break form B
“Common Sense”
logic
big body can’t be ruled by little body
loyal to injustice is dumb
Dec. Independence
1776
R.H Lee of Virginia introduced a resolution to become independent
Patriots in the Rev. War
soldiers were mainly on volunteer
poorly equipped
African Americans in Rev. War
B and then C promised to free AA who fought
Peter Salem
Rev. War. Black. Hero
Tories
Loyalists
Tories in the Rev. War
fought with B
William Franklin
son of B Franklin
Torie
last Royal Governor of NJ
Tories after the war
went to B or Canada
American Indians in Rev War
against the Colonists
1775-1777
New York, Philadelphia, Valley Forge (C terrible time)
Valley Forge
winter with GW and his patriots
problems form 1775-1777
british occupied the ports… inflation, poverty, no goods…
Battle of Saratoga
1777NY, Beat Borgoyne and gained backing of France
1778
France allies with Colonies against B
1778 King of France
Louis XVI
Absolute Monarch
king (complete control)
British reaction to increased colonial power
concentrated NY (removed themselves from Philadelphia)
1778-1779) Colonial Victories
Clark leads the capture of Illinois forts
1780 British Policy
British focus on the Southern States (many loyalists)
Battle of York Town
Chesapeake Bay
French backed
C wins over B
1783 Importance
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
1783
- B recognize C indpendence
- Mississippi River war the boundary of W expansion
- C have fishing rights in Canada
- C have to pay the debts to B
1777 Colonial Government
state and congress
State government
representatives
constitutions
Liberals
liberty and rights
COnserv.
Need for Law and Order
Important aspects of Constitutions in 1777
rights, separation of power, voting
Constitution in 1777
was made into the Aricles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
Country Consitution
Congress
Rep.
I vote per state
Admen art. 13/13
Vote 9/13
Powers of Congress
COULD war, treaties, diplomatic rep, borrow money
COULD NOT tax
Taxation in the colonies
was voted on by the States
Land Ordinance
1785
surveying/selling western lands
public education was very important
NW Land Ordinance
1787
set rules for creating new states
limited independent government in these regions
no slaves
Problems with the Articles
paper $ worthless
could not tax
on global respect
B and Spain tried to take advantage
Shays Rebellion
1786 farmers rebel against high sales tax, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper $ (which was successful until they tried to steal guns from the Springfield Army in 1787)
Annapolis Convention
1786
after meeting at GW house five of the states came to talk
Philadelphia Convention
1787 all states (besides rhode island) to create a constitution
Framers of the Constitution
55 delagates
white male lawyers
George Washinton in the Philadelphia Convention
chairsperson
Ben Farnklin in the Philadelphia Convention
calm old wise men
James Madison
Father of the Constitution
Other important people in the Philadelphia Convention
Hamilton Morris Dickinson
Nationalists
Madison Harrison wanted to draft a ew constitution
Virginia Plan
Madison
favored big states
proportional
New Jersey Plan
small states
1 share
Conneticute Plan
Great Compromise
Sherman
Senete and House representation
Senate
1 vote
House
Proportional
Slavery in the Constitution
3/5 a person
garunteed 20 more years of slavery
Trade 1777
NE states wanted central government to regulate trade
S was scared that of export tax
there fore commercial compromise
Commercial Compromise
Congress regulate and prohibit export tax
Federalists Leaders
GW, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton
Federalists Arguments
Strong Centeral Government
Federalists thought that (in regards to const)
didn’t need a bill of rights
Articles of Con. suck
A-Fed Leaders
Mason, Henry, Winthrop, Hancock, Clinton
A-Fed Arguments
central government hurts liberty
individual rights
The Federalist Papers
Jay, Madison, Hamilton
What helped to get the rest of the states on board with the constitution (A-Fed)
adding a bill of rights
What happened 1789?
GW President
In the cabinet of 1789?
Jefferson/SOS
Hamilton/SOT
Knox/SOW
Randolph/Gen
Mt. Vernon Conference
George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented
Electoral College System
delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state’s representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule
Judiciary Act (1789)
Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and 5 associate justices; empowered to rule on constitutionality of decisions made by state courts; act also provided for a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals
National debt
Hamilton proposed to pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states
Infant industries
Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation’s new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods
National bank
Hamilton proposed to create a national bank for depositing govt funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a state US currency
Tariffs;
excise taxes to raise enough revenue to pay govt debts, Hamilton got Congress to pass these on certain goods (i.e. Whiskey)
French Revolution
When it broke out, France and US had an alliance with French monarchy but not the revolutionary republic; agreed with France and France’s side especially against Britain
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Washington believed the young nation was not strong enough to go to war and as a result, he proclaimed neutrality in the French conflict
“Citizen” Edmund Genet
Objecting to Washington’s policy, Genet, the French ambassador to the US, broke all the normal rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people in support of the French cause
Jay Treaty
(1794) US was tired of British searches and seizures of American ships and impressments of seamen into the British navy; after a year of talks, he made a treaty with British where they agreed to evacuate Western frontier posts, but said nothing of British seizures of American merchant ships
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Thomas Pinckney, US Ambassador to Spain, negotiated a treaty with Spain to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to America
Right of deposit
ability for Americans to transit cargoes to New Orleans without paying duties to Spanish govt
Battle of Fallen Timbers
General Wayne defeats Shawnee, Wyandot and other Native Americans in this battle in NW Ohio; the next year, the Chiefs of the defeated peoples agreed to the Greenville Treaty where they surrendered the Ohio Territory for settlement
Whisky Rebellion
(1794) PA, farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey and they attacked revenue collects; Washington federalized 15000 state militiamen and put them under Hamilton’s command, scaring the farmers and ending the rebellion
Public Land Act
(1796) established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices
Federalist Era
1790s were dominated by two Federalist figures around which political parties formed: Hamilton and Jefferson; Hamilton’s federalists supposed his financial programs (loose interpretation of Constitution but strong central government)
Democratic-Republican party
supported Jefferson (anti Hamilton programs); southern state support and western frontier, whose political platform protected states’ rights and strict containment of federal power
Washington’s farewell Address
called for Americans to not get involved in European affairs, no permanent alliances, no political parties, and no sectionalism
two-term tradition
Washington left after two terms of office and set a precedent that was followed by all until FDR
John Adams
Federalist candidate, and winner by 3 electoral votes; Jefferson was VP because he had 2nd most votes
XYZ Affair
when Americans were angered by prospect of US merchant ships being taken by the French, emissaries were sent to France by Adams and French Ministers X, Y, and Z requested bribes before negotiations could be had; delegates were livid and wanted war but Adams diffused the situation and sent new ministers
Alien Act
authorized president to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war
Sedition Act
made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed heavy penalties on those who broke the law
KY and VA resolutions
KY (Jefferson) and VA (Madison), which declared that the states had entered into a “compact” in forming the national government and therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify federal law
Revolution of 1800
in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, and taxes, Jefferson won the election of 1800 and it was called a revolution because it was a successful transfer from one political party to another done without violence (Federalist to Democratic-Republican)
