PERIOD 2 Flashcards
Mercantilism
promotes governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.
What was salutary neglect
British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws.
Colonies left alone, allowed to develop their own self government.
What was Mercantilism
-Colonies exited for one purpose only: to enrich the parent country.
-one way flow of wealth toward mother country
-absence of trade with other nations
-single goal of economy to increase nation total wealth
-applied to British colonies after England Civil War ended
economic policy enacted by British to control Americas; a government should regulate trade/production to enable it to become self-sufficient.
effects of Mercantilism
Mercantilism polices (navigation acts) smuggling (from trade restrictions)
Richard Hakluyi
Englishman who argued for establishment of colonies
- would elevate poverty and create market for English goods, provide work for the poor, and access to resources such as silver, gold, and lumber
(economic drive for establishment for colonies)
Navigation Acts
Mercantilism policy implemented between 1650 and 1673 that restricted colonial trade
- Trade in colonies could be carried/operated only on English or Colonial Built Ships
- All imports to the colonies had to past through English Ports
- Specific (Enumerated) Goods could be exported to England only (Tobacco was of note)
Effects of Navigation Acts (positive)
- New England shipbuilding prospers
- Chesapeake tobacco gains monopoly in England
- provided English Military forces to protect the colonies from French/Spanish
Effects of Navigation Acts (negative)
- limited the development of manufacturing
- forced Chesapeake farmers to accept low prices for crops
- caused colonists to pay high prices for English Goods
Causes of Salutary Neglect
50 yrs after glorious revolution, a shift in power occurred toward parliament, who were more lax in their enforcement of laws compared to the King. London officials never went to Americas, and didn’t concern themselves the the colonies.
Enforcement of the Navigation Acts
British Government lacks in their enforcement.
Few exceptions:
- 1684 revoked charter of Massachusetts Bay because o f the smuggling activity
The Dominion of New England
James II’s attempt at increasing royal control over the colonies by combining them into large administrative units; demolishing the pre-existing representative assemblies.
- combined NY, NJ, and others into single unit.
Sir Edmund Andros
sent from England to serve as governor of the Dominion of New England.
- unpopular
- levied taxes, limited town meetings, and revoked land titles
- fled New England as a women to escape angry mobs
fate of James II
Revolt against James II from attempt at asserting his royal powers.
- Replaced with William and Mary during the Glorious Revolution
- His demise inspired the toppling of the The Dominion and Sir Andros
glorious revolution
overthrow of James II in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians
foundation of Jamestown Colony
- Chartered by the Virginia Company under King James I
- First Permanent English Colony in America
Effects of Location on Jamestown Colony
- Swampy (outbreaks of malaria and dysentery) (poor farmland) (required mass labor)
- Hot/Humid (Long Growing Season) (Required Mass Labor)
- Located by River (Trade) (More workers) (Merchant Class)
Effects of Location on Plymouth Colony
- cold (short growing season) (low demand for labor)
- located by Massachusetts Bay (trade) (harbor workers + merchants)
- Sandy Soil (unfertilizable) (small landholdings - hard to work larger areas.) (needed more workers)
Effects of Location on New York Colony
- located at harbor (trade) (merchants)
- Hudson River (settlements spread) (diverse economy)
- on an island (easily defendable) (military support)
Bacon’s Rebellion
Backwoods settlement created native conflict with Doeg Indians from land disputes (Berkeley gave the ok for colonists to settle on native lands)
- Bacon led massacres against Indians
- Berkeley accused them of rebelling against royal authority
- Bacon defeated Berkeley’s forces and burned Jamestown
Effects of Bacon’s Rebellion
highlighted:
- sharp class differences between wealthy (planters) and poor (farmers)
- colonial resistance to royal control
- led to a continuing theme of resistance
How did Bacon Die?
DYSENTERY.
William Berkeley
royal governor known for brutality
Headright System
attempt of Virginia to attract immigrants (workers + families)
- offered 50 acres to each immigrant + servant
1 shilling/yr paid per head to company
Causes of Labor Shortages (Early 1600’s)
- growing demand for tobacco
- high death rate from disease (DYSENTERY) food shortages, and conflict with Natives
Foundation of Chesapeake Colonies
King Charles I subdivided Virginia colony and granted control to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a reward for his religious service to the crown
Causes of ‘Act of Toleration’
Catholics emigrated to Maryland to escape persecution, but found themselves outnumbered by Protestant Farmers. (Holding majority of Maryland’s assembly)
- Calvert pushed the Acts, granting religous freedom to all Christians (and called for death if you say no to Jesus)
Maryland Act of Toleration
Granted religious freedom to all Christians, and called for death of anyone who rejected Jesus
Church of England
aka Anglican Church
People who came to Plymouth
2 Groups:
- Separatists that left England for Holland, then came to America for religious Freedom and to establish a Church separate from royal control (Pilgrims)
- Economically driven people
Mayflower Compact
early example of self government signed by the Pilgrims of the Mayflower united them under one rule
Hardships of Plymouth
1/2 died in 1st Winter, then helped by Indians
Captain Miles Standish/Governor William Bradford
strong leaders of Plymouth colony
People Who Founded Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans who believed the Church of England could be reformed. Came for religious freedom under a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company
Great Migration 1630
1,000 Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Mass. and founded Boston. 15,000 more Puritans followed after a civil war in England
House of Burgesses
Virginia’s colonist first representative assembly 12 years after Jamestown
encouraged colonists to have same rights as Englishmen
Representative Government in Mass. Bay
male members of Puritan Church could participate in yearly elections of the colony Governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly
Roger William’s Beliefs
- individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority
- conflicted with other Puritan leaders
- Led to his banishment from the Bay colony
Foundation of Providence
Founded by Roger Williams
- recognized rights of American Indians
- allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely
- first Baptist church in America
Anne Hutchinson’s Beliefs
- antinomianism (faith alone can achieve salvation)
- ## Banished from Bay colony for questioned doctrines
Foundation of Portsmouth
Founded by Anne Hutchinson (w/ a group of followers)
after banishment
Foundation of Rhode Island
1644 Williams granted charter from Parliament to join Providence and Portsmouth together
- served as a refuge for many
what is a charter?
a written grant by a country’s legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges defined.
Thomas Hooker
Reverend founded Hartford + drew up first written constitution “Fund. Orders of Connecticut”
Fund. Orders of Connecticut
1639 first written constitution in America
- established representative government with elected legislature by popular vote, and government elected by said legislature.
- basis for future representatives
- First Democracy
royal charter of Connecticut
Granted limited degree of Self Government
New England Confederation 1640s
military alliance formed within 4 colonies in response to Indian + foreign attacks (while England was busy)
- established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward common purpose
King Phillip’s War
Badass Metacom united a bunch of dirty Indians to attack the gross white people
Halfway Covenant 1660’s
offered by some clergy in Puritan colonies of New England, people could become partial church members even if they did not feel a conversion
- rejected by some ministers
- ultimately Strict Puritan Practices relaxed to maintain church membership
Restoration
period in English History. restoration of an English Monarch, Charles II following Puritan rule under Cromwell in 1660
Foundation of the Carolinas
Charles II granted huge piece of land to 8 nobles which formed into royal colonies
Quakers
Religious Society of Friends, believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, exc. fucking Buddhists.
- persecuted and jailed in England for their beliefs
William Penn
Quaker. Founded Pennsylvania, a haven for Quakers
The Holy Experiment
Penn wanted his colony to provide a religious refuge for the prosecuted, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself .
- provided Frame of Government (guaranteed Representative assembly, and written constitution.)
- Charter of Liberties ( guaranteed freedom of worship and immigration
Charter of Liberties 1701
freedom of worship and immigration in PA
Triangular Trade
Royal African Company. 3 part trade from New England, to West Africa, to Middle Passage , to West Indies , to trade for sugar, to make rum.
John Cabot
Early explorer of America
Frame of Government
guaranteed Representative assembly and written constitution in PA
Sir Thomas Dale
led resistance against Powhatan, decapitated chief.
Role of African population by 1775
made up 20% of colonial population
90% lived in southern colonies as slaves
Economic relationship with England by 1760s
made up half of England’s trade
Economy in New England
limited farming, no crops to trade.
small family farms
logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum distilling
Economy in Middle Colonies
export of wheat and corn
large farms with hired laborers + family
iron-making and other manufacturing
Economy in Southern Colonies
agriculture varied within the colonies
mostly small family farms with no slaves
few large plantations relying on slave labor
exports of the southern colonies
Chesapeake and North Carolina: Tobacco
Carolinas: timber, naval stores
South Carolina Georgia: indigo/rice
most plantations on river to ship exports to europe
Monetary System
colonies forced to use gold and silver to pay for British imports. (way of controlling colonial economy)
inflation prone colonial paper money issued often
Trading Centers of 18th Century
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston
Major religion of the colonies through 18th century
various Protestant denominations
Challenges of Congregationalist Ministers
often criticized by other Protestants as domineering/ preaching an overly complex doctrine
Church of England presence in Colonies
viewed as a symbol of English control in colonies
no bishop in America, limiting church growth
The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s
movement characterized by fervent expression of religious feelings among the masses
Reverend Jonathan Edwards
expressed the Great Awakening ideas
sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
argued God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness
if you were sorry you could be saved by God
George Whitefield
Jesus Woodstock
religous impact of Great Awakening
emotionalism became part of Protestant services
people began to study bible in their homes
Ministers lost some authority
divisions between churches (new lights vs old lights)
called for separation of church and state
political influence of great awakening
united people under one experience, not as separate origins or religions
caused people to challenge authority (if they could go against a higher power (god) what is stopping them from going against Britain?)
Poor Richard’s Almanack
written by Ben Frank, witty advice that was best selling
First Elementary Education
Developed in Puritan New England from the emphasis on learning the bible
first tax supported schools
Education in Middle/South
Middle - schools were church sponsored/private, teachers lived with families
south- parents gave kids education they could, tutors were available for rich peeps
Causes of interest in higher education
Great Awakening prompted creation of 5 colleges betwn 1746-69
Harvard
Mass. founded by Puritans to give candidates for the ministry a good theological and scholarly education.
Zenger Case
newspapers could be jailed for libel if authorities were questioned. Zenger, editor/publisher, was tried.
- argued that he printed the truth
- encouraged newspapers to take greater risks.
The Enlightenment
influenced by Locke, new found emphasis on logic, science, and reason
John Locke Ideals
Government gives people right to natural laws by being human
citizens have a right/obligation to revolt against government who fails to protect their rights
William Bradford
Gov. of Plymouth Plantation. Ended Standish’s regime. Distributed land, paid off colony’s debt
Quitrent
annual payment on land owned/sold in Carolinas (similar to headright system)
James Oglethope
Our Perpetual Dictator. founder of military Georgia as buffer from the Spanish.
Effect of John Locke Ideas
- adapted by other Enlightenment philosophers
- provide rationale for American Revolution/principles for constitution.
