Period 1: 1491-1607 Flashcards
mongolians who came to America 11,000 years ago
Clovis
crossed over the Bering Strait into America
Clovis
only evidence of first Americans
archaeological
before the Clovis, people migrated to South America using —-
boats
the Clovis likely —-ed other migrants
eliminated
8000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Archaic Period
during the Archaic Period, the first —- formed
sedentary settlements
pre-columbus South American civilization led by Pachacuti; created the largest empire in the Americas
Incas
pre-colbumus Meso-American civilization that developed sophisticated systems such as a written language
Mayans
pre-columbus Meso-Americans who came after the Mayans; human sacrifice was a large part of their religion
Mexica (Aztec)
island in central mexico establisted by the Mexica; greatest city in the Americas at the time
Tenochtitlán
Early American civilizations were still —- —- than civilizations on other continents
technologically worse
pre-columbus societies in the North were —- than those in the South
smaller
four locations of pre-columbus hunting, gathering, and fishing societies
arctic circle, northern forests, northwest coast, far west
pre-columbus agricultural tribes in the East used —- to gather food
a variety of techniques
region of sedentary pre-columbus tribes with the greatest food resources
East
region of sedentary pre-colmbus tribes that farmed corn and grains
Great Plains
region of sedentary pre-columbus tribes with large trading networks
South
region of more nomadic agricultural pre-colombus tribes
North-East
pre-columbus tribes in the North East
used quick exploitative farming
pre-columbus tribes East of Mississippi River
loosely connected by linguistic roots
In the last centuries before Columbus, Native Americans —-
experienced an agricultural revolution
how many regions of pre-columbus agricultural socities were there in america?
5
region of sedentary pre-columbus tribes with more elaborate settlements
Southwest
after the black plague, due to the increase of affluence in Europe, interest in —- increased
foriegn goods
after the rise of commerce following the black plague, Europe changed from many small kingdoms into —-
centralized nation-states
led the first daring sea voyages; financed by Portugal
Prince Henry
leading maritime power in the 15th century
Portugal
what motivated Columbus aside from an interest in geography
religion
rulers of Spain’s new monarchy
Ferdinand and Isabella
in an attempt to demonstrate Spain’s strength, funded Columbus’s voyage
Isabella
devoted greater resources to maritime exploration; replaced Portugal as leading seafaring nation
Spain
came to the Americas after Columbus on a Portuguese exploration
Amerigo Vespucci
Spaniard who fought across Ithmus of Panama; first known European to gaze westward at the Pacific Ocean
Vasco de Balboa
known as most brutal spanish conquistador; led a military expedition into Mexico and overtook Aztecs with smallpox
Cortés
a wave of conquistadors came to america in hopes of obtaining —-
silver
spanish-american mines had —-
large yields of silver and gold
the wealthiest nation for a time, after they obtained the abundence of gold and silver in american mines
Spain
Spain abided by the Church’s wishes and —- in their new territories
required Catholocism
conquistador who led a fruitless expedition; first white man to cross Mississippi River
Hernado de Soto
conquistador; conquered Peru; revealed to Europeans the wealth of the incas
Franciso Pizarro
conquistador; led fruitless expedition in modern-day New Mexico
Francisco Coronado
conquistadors —- native populations in some areas
almost exterminated
—- usually accompanied missions
military garrisons
spanish fort, first permanent European settlement in what is now the US, established 1565
St. Augustine, Florida
licenses to exact labor and tribute from natives
encomiendas
led colonizing venture North from mexico in 1598; claimed some of the Pueblo’s land and established Santa Fe; distributed encomiendas to Spanish settlers of the colony
Oñate
at Santa Fe, Oñate’s harsh treatment of the natives —-
threatened the colony’s stability
result of instability and religious supression from spanish settlers at Santa Fe
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
the Pueblo —- in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680
captured Santa Fe
after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Spanish and Peublo —-
slowly grew closer
Spain imposed —- on trade with its American colonies
regid restrictions
the economic development of Spanish colonies in the americas was stifled because making —- profitable was never a priority
commerce
the Spanish didn’t —- their colonies like other European countries did
people
years of period one
1491-1607
principal source of labor for Europeans
native americans
the home of most African slaves
Guinea (West Africa)
native americans —- european culture (language, religion) with their own
combined
because the overwhelming majority of Europeans living in the americas were men, —- became frequent
intermarriage
due to frequent intermarraige, Spanish colonies in the americas became dominated by people of —-
mixed race
the racial categories of Spanish colonies in americas became more —- as a result of intermarriage
fluid
— are usually matrilineal, political power is divided by gender, and slavery was practiced but more humanely
african socities
demand for —- from west africa drastically increased in 16th century
slaves
