Period 1 (1450-1648) Flashcards
individualism
emphasis on individual thought and expression –> separating oneself from the crowd in terms of ideas and creations
Renaissance
the period in which European culture (art, literature, philosophy, politics) centered around Greek and Roman ideas and thoughts. the Renaissance began in Italy for a few reasons. There was a large economic boom that allowed people to purchase and be more interested in art and culture, Italy had close access to Greece and used to be the center of the Roman empire, and they were not as involved in the Protestant Reformation of the north
new wealth in the Renaissance
merchant class workers and families who wanted a share of wealth and power that came with nobility
Medici family
a family of wealthy Florentine bankers who rose up to power from banking and later became dukes of the city-state
humanism
a way of studying that supposedly emulated how ancient Greeks and Romans would study.
Francesco Petrarch
father of humanism
civic humanists
used Cicero’s (Roman politician’s) ideas to serve the public as a new generation of politicians. Often worked in diplomatic offices and stressed the importance of writing history and politics down for future generations
Neoplatonism
a revival of the Platonic belief that a single supreme being is the source of life and reason for everything in the universe combined with Christianity
hermeticism
the belief that humans were created in the divine but chose to live in a material world. it was generally associated with alchemy, astrology, and mysticism.
hermeticism
the belief that humans were created in the divine but chose to live in a material world. it was generally associated with alchemy, astrology, and mysticism.
defining characteristics of renaissance art
Greco-roman architecture, frescoes, religious art, play with light/shadow, single point perspective
chiaroscuro
contrast between light and dark
mannerism
distorted figures and themes to demonstrate the conflict between Italian religion and politics
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance artist, architect and scientist famous for his inventions and paintings
Raphael
artist of the High Renaissance who was famous for his paintings of both Greco-Roman and Christian subjects. He also famously mixed these topics with modern culture including other artists in his paintings
Michelangelo
sculptor, artist, an architect of the High/Late Renaissance who completed works for several popes leaving a significant influence on Rome and the Vatican. However, Julius II later had doubts on Michelangelo’s work after his works in the Sistine Chapel were considered too revealing.
Northern Renaissance
more religious than the Italian Renaissance, intent on understanding + connecting with religion, often critique or adaptation of religion (Protestant Reformation)
Desiderius Erasmus
Christian Humanist monk who emphasized inner faith, created a new translation of the New Testament, and encouraged textual analysis of church documents. However, he only intended to reform the church, not separate or abandon entirely
Christian Humanist
someone who uses humanist ideas to critique the Catholic Church without dissenting from it
Sir Thomas More
Another Christian Humanist who wrote on many aspects of the contemporary society and attempted to devise solutions for political/economic injustices. He also critiqued elements of the church, however he gave his life for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the CoE
Elizabethan Renaissance
cultural awakening in England including art, theatre, and literature that went along with the growth of the CoE
Johannes Gutenberg
inventor of the printing press and creator of the first mass-printed and available bible
Protestant Reformation
attempted reformation of the Catholic Church that created a separate branch of Christianity that removed the Pope as the authoritative figure
Catholic Reformation
reformation of the Catholic Church in response to the popularity of the Protestant Reformation
Black Death
14th-century plague in Europe
anti-clericalism
disrespect of the clergy
pietism
promotion of the relationship between individual and G-d, therefore, making Catholic hierarchy less relevant
Simony
selling of church offices/titles
selling indulgences
a payment to the Catholic church to remedy a sin
John Wycliffe and the Lollards
promoted questioning of the Catholic Church and encouraged individuals to read and interpret the Bible themselves
Jan Hus
revolutionary in Bohemia who combined the ideas of the reformation with nationialism. He was ultimately burned at the stake and a revolution in Bohemia followed.
Johann Tetzel
a friar famous for the saying “as soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs”
95 Theses
A list of frustrations and ideas for reformation posted on the doors of the Wittenberg by Martin Luther in 1517 that kickstarted the Protestant Reformation
Pope Leo X
Pope during the Protestant reformation
Charles V of HRE
HRE during Protestant Reformation
Diet of Worms
meeting of german nobility where Martin Luther spoke on the reformation
German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525
result of bad working conditions, workers revolted and used Luther’s ideas as an excuse which he ultimately did not accept.
Schmalkadic War
war in the 1540s between the HRE and Protestant Princes. resulted in the peace of Augsburg
Peace of Augsburg
result of the Schmalkadic war: legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by Lutherans.
Ulrich Zwingli
believed in more radical changes (getting rid of sacraments and transubstantiation), social reformist, nationalist.
Calvinism
Founded by John Calvin and grew rapidly particularly in Scotland and among the French nobility (Huguenots). Calvinism was more dynamic than Lutheranism and kept the reformation relevant and alive.
Beginning of the Church of England
created during the divorce trial of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII’s future wife, Anne Boleyn, encouraged him to cut ties with the church and led to the creation of the CoE.
Counter-Reformation / Catholic Reformation
attempt by the Catholic Church to regain popularity after the Protestant reformation. it included the Index of Prohibited Books, limits on simony, better clerical education, and endorsement of all things the Protestants acted against
Council of Trent
Set the terms for the Catholic Reformation by Pope Paul III
Ignatius Loyola
spanish noble who founded the Jesuits
Jesuits
militant Catholics, particularly in Spain
mercantilism
system in which colonies produce raw materials to sell to the mainland who manufactures them to sell the products back to the colonies to make money
Treaty of Lodi (1454)
balance of power for italian city-states (alliance between enemies + included florence)
Machiavelli and The Prince
considered to be the first work of political thought, he argued that a prince should be powerful, feared, and strong otherwise a foreign power could take over (referencing France and Medici control over Italy)
Wars of the Roses
aristocratic wars to determine the heir to the English throne
Henry Tudor
“winner” of the Wars of the Roses who had the blood of both lines. He defeated Richard III and took the crown
Henry VIII
King throughout most of the Renaissance in England, created the CoE and his reign led to the Elizabethan Renaissance.
Mary Stuart / Mary Queen of Scots
the legal successor to Elizabeth I who was imprisoned by Elizabeth due to the tensions between England and Scotland. Elizabeth feared Mary was plotting against her and was proven correct after finding correspondence between Philip II of Spain and Mary. She executed Mary to ensure that her son James (a Protestant) would take the crown next.
Spanish Armada
Philip II of Spain’s fleet planned to invade England on behalf of the Catholic Church and reconvert England to Catholicism. However, the defeat of the Armada firmly secured England as a Protestant nation
Unification of Spain
Sealed by the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Spanish Inquisition
declaration by the King and Queen of Spain to forcefully turn the country Catholic. Expelled or forced conversion of all Jews or Moors/Muslims
Frederick III of the Palatinate
powerful Calvinist ruler who was also very close to Charles V (HRE)
Thirty Years’ War
began when a Catholic was crowed King of Bohemia while many Bohemian Protestants felt he should not be king. They revolted and replaced him with Frederick of the Palatinate and were eventually defeated by the HRE. However, other nations got involved to control the power of Charles V and the power of the HRE and ended in the Peace of Westphalia.
Edict of Restitution (1629)
outlawed Calvinism in the empire and required Lutherans to return property stolen from Catholics
Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden who was prompted to enter the Thirty Years’ War after the Edict of Restitution
Cardinal Richelieu
France’s chief minister who helped France join the war to aid Sweden and prevent the growth of the power of the Habsburgs. He had previously defeated the Huguenots and later gained lots of political + militant power after the Thirty Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia
settlement at the end of the Thirty Years’s War that established the rights of Calvinists and Lutherans in the HRE and set France as the most powerful European nation
French Wars of Religion
struggle between the Catholic monarchy of France and the Calvinist Huguenot nobility
Catherine de’Medici
Queen of France and mother to three sons who would rule France
