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APUSH > Period 1 > Flashcards

Period 1 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

What were the three Native American groups located in the Northeast?

A

Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogee

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2
Q

Where Northeastern tribes nomadic or sedentary

A

Sedentary they developed permanent villages.

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3
Q

Where were the Algonquian located?

A

New England Seaboard, Great Lakes, upper Midwest, and south to Carolinas

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4
Q

How did they gather their food?

A

Inland tribes hunted while coastal tribes fished and they all practiced agriculture.

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5
Q

How did the Algonquin live?

A

They lived in small round shelters (wig warms with villages ranging from 500-2,000

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6
Q

Where were the Iroquois located?

A

West and south of Algonquian, present day NY and PA, to Carolinas, Georgia

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7
Q

What tribes did the Iroquois include?

A

Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, and Cherokee.

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8
Q

Why did the Iroquois burn forests?

A

To hunt and grow crops.

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9
Q

What was the important of Corn or maize to the Iroquois.

A

Villages were built around maize and it led to permanent agricultural villages.

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10
Q

How were the Iroquois permanent villages constructed?

A

They constructed log walls around villages and created bark-covered longhouses were several clans would live.

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11
Q

What did it mean for the Iroquois to have a matriarchal society?

A

Power was based on female authority. Women were instrumental in the councils and decision making, they oversaw community affairs and tended to crops, they selected chiefs headed clans and controlled distribution of property, planted and harvested. Men were often traveling to hunt.

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12
Q

What term was coined by the Iroquois?

A

3 sister farming

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13
Q

Where did 3 sister farming begin?

A

Ohio River valley but it soon spread to other regions.

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14
Q

What 3 crops were part of the 3 sister farming?

A

corn-supporter
beans-giving sister
squash-protector

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15
Q

What Native American tribe was located in the Southeast?

A

Cahokia Indians

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16
Q

Where were the Cahokia located?

A

across the Mississippi from present day St. Louis, there were around 30,000 people there in 1200.

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17
Q

What was unique about the Cahokia?

A

They were the largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800, they had elaborate public structures and shrines, and there was 3,200 acres of people.

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18
Q

How was the Cahokia settlement constructed?

A

They had lots of public structures and shrines and they also had outlying towns and farming settlements.

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19
Q

Why did the Cahokia disperse?

A

They dispersed in 1400 for an unknown reason but most likely the flooding of the Mississippi.

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20
Q

What tribes were located in the Southwest?

A

Pueblo and Navajo.

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21
Q

What was the geography of the southwest?

A

Dry, rocky, and a desert. Settlements were located near the Rio Grande.

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22
Q

What was the society and culture of the southwest?

A

Multifaceted societies supported by farming. They used complex irrigation systems. Large settlements were located near cliffs which allowed for better defense.

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23
Q

What was agriculture like in the southwest?

A

maize, beans, melons, and squash were grown due to irrigation systems.

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24
Q

What was the maize cultivation of the southwest?

A

Around 1000 AD maize agriculture spread from central america through north america transforming societies.

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25
Q

What tribes were located in the Great Plains?

A

Kiowa, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Pawnee.

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26
Q

What was the geography of the great plains.

A

A flat open grassland area that was very arid or dry.

27
Q

How did tribes in the Great Plains live?

A

They lived mostly off of hunting and gathering. There was a lack of natural resources.

28
Q

What did effect did the introduction of the horse have on tribes in the Great Plain?

A

Life drastically altered. Bison hunting became much easier. Natives with horses also had a stronger military force. They became nomadic during the spring and summer months.

29
Q

What did natives in the great basin hunt?

A

Natives in the great basin hunted bison and sheep. Horses also helped them become more powerful.

30
Q

What tribes were located in the west?

A

Great Basin and Shoshone.

31
Q

Prior to the arrival of europeans how many native americans lived in California?

A

300,000.

32
Q

What were native american societies in the west based off of.

A

Most societies were based off of hunting gathering and forging. They gathered nuts and fish. They were supported by the resources of the ocean as well, shellfish, whale, sea otter, and seals

33
Q

How were native american societies in the west ruled?

A

Tended to be ruled by the wealthier families. Some developed settled communities.

34
Q

What other tribes were also located in the West?

A

The Pacific Northwest and the Chinook.

35
Q

What was the geography of the pacific Northwest?

A

There were abundant natural resources and therefore a dense population,. There were plenty of salmon and other fish located in the rivers that provided a source of nutrition. There were thick forests that provided wood for plank homes and canoes.The high mountain ranges caused isolation of this group and they had little exposure to new technology.

36
Q

What was unique about the pacific Northwest?

A

They advocated warrior traditions and used advanced fighting techniques. They also preserved stories and legends on totem poles.

37
Q

What did people in the Northwest live in?

A

Plank homes or long houses which could house many families.

38
Q

What were the failures of Christopher Columbuses’s exploration?

A

-did not find a simple path to India or China
-did not find very much gold
-did not find any additional spices
-treated the natives poorly and paved the way for additional problems/injustices imposed by future explorers

39
Q

What might have been considered Christopher Columbus’s only success?

A

He made permanent interactions between people from all over the globe.

40
Q

What was occuring in Europe leading up to colonization and exploration?

A

-competition among European kingdoms for increased trade.
-establishing trade routes to Asia for trade (spice trade)
-slave labor was profitable for producing sugar
-developing nation states (people shared common culture and loyalty toward a central government)
-motivated Italian-born Christopher Columbus

41
Q

What goods or items were exchanged from America to Europe/Asia/Africa during the Columbian exchange.

A

-squash, sweet potatoes, cocoa, potatoes, peppers, beans, pumpkins, vanilla, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys, corn, pineapples, and peanuts.

42
Q

What goods or items were exchanged from Europe/Asia/Africa to America during the columbian exchange.

A

-citrus fruits, onions, olives, turnips, grapes, bananas, coffee beans, peaches, pears, sugarcane, honey bees, grains, livestock, and disease.

43
Q

What were the impacts of the Columbian exchange on Europe asia and africa.

A

-new world foods transformed European society
-trans-Atlantic trade and the transition from feudalism to capitalism.
-colonial mercantilism, 1500s-1700s global commodities
Spanish and Portuguese used west Africans for slavery.

44
Q

What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on Native Americans?

A

-Bridged 12000 years of separation
-old world disease 90% of the native American population perished
-easier for Spanish to control thanks to diseases like smallpox, mumps, influenza, pneumonia, measles, and chickenpox.
-syphilis was brought to the old world

45
Q

What was the result of the columbian exchange?

A

A new secular spirit.
-medieval culture versus Renaissance culture
-new technology

46
Q

Why were the Spanish ‘justified’?

A

-They say the mission to conquer new lands as an extension of the medieval crusades
-priests accompanied conquistadors to the new land and were expected to convert ‘heathens’ to christianity.

47
Q

What were the motives for exploration?

A

-wealth- gold silver spices
-power- Spanish empire
-prestige
-economic- increased trade routes
-religion- spreading catholicism

48
Q

What were the attitudes of the spanish to the natives.

A

viewed natives as savages and pagan
-Ecomienda system: -indoctrinated natives, expected to pay tribute to conquistadors for faith, the system was abused and conquistadors behaved however they wanted

49
Q

What was the Encomienda System?

A

-License granted by the Spanish crown which began in the Caribbean and spread to Mexico
-royal people were allowed to extract labor from native Americans
-used plantation-based agriculture
-required natives to pay taxes (labor)
-encomenderos were responsible for converting Natives

50
Q

Was the Encomienda System considered slavery?

A

Legally no but it as a brutal system of ofrced labor.

51
Q

What was the Encomienda class structure?

A

Peninsulares->creoles->Mestizos->native americans->enslaved persons

52
Q

Who were among the Spanish explorers?

A

Juan de Onate, Juan de Sepulveda, and Bartolome de las casas

53
Q

where did onate conquer?

A

upper rio grande valley, New Mexico

54
Q

Onates view on the natives?

A

He severly punished rebellious Natives and he was fined and permanently banished from Mexico city 4 years.

55
Q

What was Sepulveda’s view on the natives?

A

He supported colonization and believed in natural slavery and the inferiority of Indians.

56
Q

What was Las Casas view of the natives?

A

He advocated for better treatment of the natives.

57
Q

What were the new laws of 1542?

A

They ended Indian labor, and began to end encomienda system, but the king eventually repealed part of the new laws.

58
Q

Which two conquistadors argued in a Spanish courtroom for and against the treatment of Native Americans.

A

Sepulveda and de las Casas

59
Q

How did the Algonquins communicate?

A

used birch-bark scrolls for recording medical treatments, stories, songs, etc.

60
Q

How did the Eastern Woodland people communicate?

A

wove plant fibers, embroidered skin with porcupine quills and made ceremonial sites by modeling the earth.

61
Q

How were the Cahokia organized?

A

They were politically organized around cheifdoms. Clan based system gave leaders secular and sacred power.

62
Q

How can archeologists prove that Native American communities were connected by long-distance trading routes?

A

they can identify materials and trace them bak to origin points

63
Q

What two pieces of technology contributed to European Exploration?

A

Astrolabe- was used to calculate latitude and allowed for precise navigation
Caravel- ship suited for exploration, had deep draft for longer voyages on open ocean while carrying cargo

64
Q

How did the crusades, military conflict, the Spanish crown, and Italian traders contribute to the idea of Spanish exploration?

A

-Crusades linked Europe with wealth, power, and information of Asia
-spreading of goods and knowledge fueled european expansion
-new nations wanted access to wealth but Italian traders controlled trade from Asia
-England- France conflict created financial/military power to maintain nation

APUSH (2 decks)

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