Perfusion, cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular

Question 1

Perfusion

Answer 1

Passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue.

Question 2

Cardiac output

Answer 2

Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

CO= stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)= ml/min

Question 3

Ejection fraction

Answer 3

The % of blood pumped out the left ventricle with each contraction

Normal: > 50%
Heart failure: < 40%

Question 4

Blood pressure

Answer 4

Force exerted by the blood against the vessel walls.

**BP must be adequate to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest.

Normal= 120/80

Question 5

Pulse pressure

Answer 5

Difference between systolic and diastolic BP

Normal: about 1/3 of systolic blood pressure

High: atherosclerosis, exercise
Low: severe heart failure, hypovolemia

Question 6

Pulsus alternans

Answer 6

Regular rhythm but strength of pulse varies with each beat.

Could possibly be due to heart failure

Question 7

Hypertension

Answer 7

High blood pressure: pressure in your arteries is higher than it should be

Causes adverse effects to arterial walls which increases peripheral vascular resistance.

If left untreated it causes decreased blood flow.

Question 8

Normal BP

Answer 8

Less than 120 AND less than 80

Question 9

Elevated BP

Answer 9

120-129 AND less than 80

Question 10

Hypertension stage 1

Answer 10

130-139 OR 80-89

Question 11

Hypertension stage 2

Answer 11

140+ OR 90+

Question 12

Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 12

Greater than 180 AND/OR greater than120

Question 13

Hypertension symptoms

Answer 13

Dizziness, headache, blurry vision, heart palpitations, fatigue

Question 14

Hypertensive emergency

Answer 14

• develops over hours or days
• BP above 220/140
• target organ disease

Question 15

Hypertensive urgency

Answer 15

• develops over days to weeks
• BP above 180/110
• no target organ disease

Question 16

Hypotension

Answer 16

Systolic blood pressure falls below 90

We want to know if the patient is symptomatic (if not then that might be there baseline)

We care because we want to know if the organs are getting perfused.

Question 17

Causes of hypotension

Answer 17

• dilation of arteries
• loss of blood volume (hypovolemia)
• failure of heart muscle to pump

Question 18

S/s of hypotension

Answer 18

• Skin: pallor, clammy,
• Decreased perfusion to the brain: lightheaded, dizzy (syncope), confusion,
• blurred vision
• chest pain
• increased HR
• decrease urine output (decreased perfusion to the kidney
• nausea/ vomiting

Question 19

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 19

SBP decreases 20+ mmHg
DBP decreases 10+ mmHg

Compensatory mechanisms normally in place does not work. Perfusion to the brain decreases going from sitting to standing position

Question 20

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Answer 20

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot (thrombus) that has become dislodged into circulation (embolism).

Most commonly starts in the legs and moves to the lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Question 21

Preload

Answer 21

The amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, before the next contraction.

Question 22

Afterload

Answer 22

The resistance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.
Diastolic pressure is a good clinical measure of afterload.

Question 23

Myocardial contractility

Answer 23

The ability of the heart to squeeze blood from the ventricles. Affects stroke volume and cardiac output.

Question 24

Infarction

Answer 24

Death of tissue resulting from a failure of blood supply.