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Nurs 1110 > Perfusion/Cardiac > Flashcards

Perfusion/Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

When should weight gain in a cardiac/valvular heart disease be reported?

A

3lbs in a day, 5 lbs in a week.

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2
Q

What are the classification scales of heart disease?

A
  • Class I: exhibits no clinical manifestations with activity
  • Class II: has clinical manifestations with ordinary exertion
  • Class III: displays clinical manifestations with minimal exertion
  • Class IV: has clinical manifestations at rest
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3
Q

What viral infection can lead to rheumatic endocarditis?

A

Strep throat

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4
Q

What are lab tests we can do to detect heart failure?

A

Blood cultures, WBC, Increased cardiac enzymes, elevated ESR and CRP, throat culture

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5
Q

What are the biggest symptoms of perfusion issues?

A

Pain, dizziness, syncope, dyspnea, edema, bleeding/bruising

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6
Q

What Lab tests are used to detect perfusion issues?

A

Creatine kinase
* Lactic dehydrogenase
* Natriuretic peptides
* Troponin
* Homocysteine
* C-reactive protein
* Serum lipids
* Platelets
* Prothrombin time (PT)
* Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
* International normalized ratio (INR)

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7
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to detect perfusion/cardiac issues?

A

ECG, Stress test (pharmacological and exercise), Radiographic studies (Chest x-ray, ultrasound, arteriogram, venogram

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8
Q

Vasodilators

A

Lisinopril, losartan, nitroglycerine, hydralazine

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9
Q

Vasopressors

A

epinephrine, dopamine

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10
Q

How often should people be screened for blood pressure?

A

18-39 every 3-5 years. Every year for adults above 40

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11
Q

What are the 3 ways to surgically fix perfusion obstruction?

A

bypassing, removing, or compressing the obstruction

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12
Q

Symptoms of a heart attack

A

Chest pain, pain or discomfort in one or both arms, jaw, back or stomach, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and nausea

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13
Q

What are the primary antihypertensive agents?

A

–Diuretics
–Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors
–Angiotensin II receptor blockers
–Beta-adrenergic antagonists (Beta
Blockers)
–Calcium channel blockers

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14
Q

What are the drugs used to treat heart failure?

A

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, direct vasodilators, cardiac glycoside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors,

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15
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Reduce preload and afterload, enhance excretion of sodium and water, and increases cardiac output

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16
Q

What is the drug of choice for heart failure?

A

ACE inhibitors

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17
Q

What is the MOA of angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

Same as ACE inhibitors, but these are used for patient who are unable to tolerate the adverse effects ACE inibitors

18
Q

Diuretics

A

-Increase urine output
-reduce blood volume and cardiac workload
-reduce edema and pulmonary congestion
-prescribed in combination with other drugs

19
Q

Beta blocker MOA:

A

Slow heart rate and reduce blood pressure, increase the inotropic effect (increase contraction strength), reduce workload (by decreasing preload and afterload)

20
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

A

Increase force heartbeat, slow heart rate
Improve cardiac output
Second-line treatment for HF
Narrow therapeutic range

21
Q

Direct Vasodilators

A

Relax Blood vessels, lower blood pressure

22
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A

-Block enzyme phosphodiesterase
-Increase calcium for myocardial contraction
-inotropic response and vasodilation
-Increase contractility and decrease afterload
-short term therapy only

23
Q

Lab Tests that measure coagulation:

A

Activated clotting time, prothrombin time (PT) Internation Normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), Liver function (AST, ALP, ALT)

24
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000 mcL

25
Q

Prothrombin normal time

A

11-13.5 seconds

26
Q

INR normal

A

.8-1.1

27
Q

Therapeutic INR:

A

2.0-3.0

28
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit clotting factors

29
Q

antiplatelets

A

inhibit platelet action

30
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve existing thrombi

31
Q

Hemostatics

A

inhibit fibrinolysis, promote clot stability

32
Q

Vasodilators

A

Increase the diameter of the vessels and reduce angina. Eg. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (lisinopril, losartan)

33
Q

Vasopressors

A

Treats hypotension from blood loss, MI, drug issues, and hemorrhage. Eg. Epinephrine

34
Q

Diuretics

A

Promote excretion of urine by preventing reabsorption of sodium in kidneys. (treats hypertension) Eg. furosemide, spironolactone, mannitol

35
Q

Antidysrythmics

A

Correct erratic electrical impulses. Eg. amiodarone. diltaizem

36
Q

Cardioglycoside

A

Lower heart rate and increase strength of contraction and output. Digoxin. (HF, atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic shock

37
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Prevent clotting cascade. Heparin, warfarin, enoxaprin

38
Q

Anticoagulants

A

heparin, warfarin, enoxaparin. prevents clotting cascade factors.

39
Q

Antiplatelet

A

prevent p;latelets from aggreagationg

40
Q

Antiplatelet

A

prevent platelets from aggregating. Eg. aspirin and clopidogrel

41
Q

Thrombolytics

A

Disrupts blood clots that are impairng perfusion

42
Q

Antilipidemics

A

Decrease lipid levels. atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin

Nurs 1110 (2 decks)

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