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Perfusion > Perfusion > Flashcards

Perfusion Flashcards

0
Q

Perfusion

A

Flow of blood through arteries and capillaries, delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells and removing cellular waste products

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1
Q

Cardiovascular System Function

A
  • Supply oxygenation to the body

- Perfusion affects all body functions and systems

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2
Q

Central Perfusion

A
  • Force of blood movement generated by cardiac output
  • Requires adequate cardiac function, blood pressure, and blood volume
  • Requires adequate cardiac output
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3
Q

Tissue Perfusion (Local)

A
  • Volume of blood that flows to target tissue

- Requires patent vessels, adequate hydrostatic pressure, and capillary permeability

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4
Q

Impaired Tissue Perfusion

A

Loss of vessel patency or permeability, or inadequate central perfusion

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5
Q

Localized Effect

A

Results in impaired blood flow to the affected body tissue

Leads to ischemia and, ultimately, cell death if uncorrected

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6
Q

Impaired Tissue Perfusion Symptoms

A
  • Hypotension
  • Restlessness
  • Confusion
  • Cool Extremeties
  • Pallor or cyanosis
  • Diminished or absent peripheral pulses
  • Slow capillary refill
  • Edema
  • Oliguria
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7
Q

Impaired Central Perfusion

A

Occurs when cardiac output is inadequate.

Associated with loss of vessel patency of permeability.

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8
Q

Systemic Effect

A

Reduced cardiac output results in a reduction of oxygenated blood reaching the body tissues

If severe, associated with shock
If untreated, leads to ischemia, cell injury, and cell death

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9
Q

Pericardium

A

Thin sac composed of fibroserous material that surrounds the heart

  • outer layer
  • inner layer
  • fluid between layers
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10
Q

Layers of the heart muscle

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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11
Q

Valves

A

Permit the flow of blood between chambers and into blood vessels
Each valve has 3 leaflets (cusps) except the mitral which has 2

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12
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Mitral
  • Made of endocardium and connective tissue
  • Between atria and ventricles
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13
Q

Semilunar (shaped like half moons) valves

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Aortic
  • Made of endocardium and connective tissue which are reinforced by fibers that prevent them from turning inside out
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14
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Causes cell death

Ex) hypothermia

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15
Q

Heart Tissue Pattern

A

Pericardium >serous pericardium (parietal) >space >serous pericardium (visceral) >myocardium >endocardium

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16
Q

3 places blood goes:

A
  1. Carotid to brain
  2. Axillary arteries to arms
  3. Torso to toes
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17
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of oxygen to tissues

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18
Q

Compliance

A

Elasticity of lungs

19
Q

Contractility

A

Heart muscle fibers elasticity

20
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

Tricuspid valve and mitral valve made up of connective tissue

21
Q

Conduction system of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA) > Intra atrial pathways> AV node> Bundle of His> Right/Left bundle branches> Purkinje fibers

22
Q

Contraction

A

Systole reaction

“Lub” AV valves closing

23
Q

Relaxation

A

Diastole

“Dub” SemiLunar valves closing

24
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Circulates blood to lungs

-Low pressure system

25
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood circulates to body

-high pressure system

26
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Blood flows to the heart

27
Q

Heart Rate

A

Affected by the autonomic heart system

28
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Increases heart rate

29
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Slows heart rate

30
Q

Elevated heart rate

A

Increases Cardiac Output

Rapid HR decreases filling time which decreases output

31
Q

Decreased Heart Rate

A

Decreased Cardiac Output

32
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
(End Diastolic Volume) - (End Systolic Volume) = SV

33
Q

Diastole Phase

A

Ventricles fill by gravity and then by atrial systole. This blood is considered end diastolic volume.

34
Q

Systole Phase

A

Blood is pumped from the ventricle. Some blood is left over called end systolic volume

35
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Stroke Volume / end systolic volume

Represents % of blood ejected from the heart during contraction
Normal is 50-70%
Damaged hearts have reduced EF and decreased perfusion to body systems

36
Q

Cardiac Output

A

SV x HR
Amount of blood pumped into pulmonary and systemic circulation in 1min.
Avg. adult CO is 4-8L/min
Poor tissue perfusion=tissue ischemia=tissue necrosis or infarction (death)
CO decreases with poor heart

37
Q

Factors determining CO

A

HR
Preload
Afterload
Contractility

38
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of heart muscle fibers to shorten

Poor contractility decreases forward flow of blood=decrease CO, increase ventricular pressures

39
Q

Preload

A

Stretch of cardiac muscle fibers

- initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction

40
Q

Starling’s Law

A
  • The greater the volume, the greater the stretch, the greater the force of contraction to empty
  • Too much volume causes overstretch, ineffective contraction, causes HF, renal disease
  • Too little volume, too little stretch, decreases CO (fluid volume deficit)
41
Q

After load

A
  • Force of ventricles must overcome to eject blood

- end load against which the heart contracts to eject blood

42
Q

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

A

Low pressure (right heart)

43
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

High pressure (left heart)

44
Q

CV changes with aging

A
  • Myocardial hypertrophy
  • Stiffened heart valves (fibrosis & calcification)
  • Stenosis or incompetence of valves
45
Q

Perfusion affects:

A 
Renal system
Vascular system
Look at cholesterol
Serum lipids (circulated blood bound to proteins)
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Troponin I (0.5-2.3mg/ml)
46
Q

MI Indicators

A

Troponin greater than 2.3ng/ml
Echoes needed for heart issues
ST segment on tele

Perfusion (1 decks)

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