Performance Limitations and Emergency Procedures Flashcards
How to recover from a spin?
INOP/PARE
* power to idle
* ailerons neutral
* full opposite rudder
* elevator forward
What does an aft CG do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?
harder to recover from a spin
What load factor is present in a spin?
usually slightly above 1G
* low airspeed, usually around stall speed
* the airplane pivots, rather than turns, so the load factor is kept low
Discuss the use of an emergency checklist.
- pilot should be familiar with emergency procedures to take immediate action
- emergency checklist should be reviewed as soon as circumstances permit
- emergency checklist should be readily accessible
What to do when partial loss of power in flight?
- Maintain suitable airspeed, best glide if needed
- select an emergency landing area and remain within gliding distance
- as time allows, attempt to determine the cause and correct it.
Complete the following checklist:
* check fuel gauge, switch to fuller tank
* check fuel pressure, aux fuel pump on
* mixture rich
* carb heat on
* check engine gauges
What to do when the engine fails on takeoff?
- throttle IDLE
- apply brakes
- mixture IDLE
- ignition OFF
- master OFF
What to do if an engine failure occurs immediately after takeoff?
- best glide 83 mph
- aim for a suitable landing area ahead
If time allows:
* mixture IDLE
* fuel selector OFF
* ignition OFF
* flaps as required
* master OFF
What to do when engine fails in flight?
- best glide 83 mph
- check wind direction
- pick a suitable landing area
- check fuel & switch to opposite tank
- check fuel pressure, turn on aux fuel pump
- mixture rich, carb heat on
- magneto - check right and left, leave on the one that makes the engine run
If engine does not start:
8. notify ATC
9. fuel selector OFF, mixture IDLE, ignition OFF, flap as needed then master OFF
What’s best glide speed?
83 mph
What to do before touchdown in a forced landing?
- final speed 70 mph
- mixture IDLE
- fuel selector OFF
- ignition OFF
- unlatch the canopy
- flaps as needed
- master OFF
What to do if engine fails while over water beyond power-off gliding distance to land?
- MAYDAY on 121.5
- squawk 7700
- secure or jettison heavy objects
- high winds, heavy seas: into the wind
- light winds, heavy swells, parallel to swells
- flaps as needed
- 300ft/min descent at 75 mph
- canopy fully open
- brace for impact
- evacuate ASAP
What is detonation?
- an explosion of the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder
- causes excessive temperatures and pressures
- can lead to complete engine failure
- signs: high cylinder head temperatures, engine roughness and loss of power.
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
- lower than recommended fuel grade
- high manifold pressure with low rpm (constant speed)
- high power setting with excessively lean mixture
- extended ground ops or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced
What action should be taken if detonation is suspected?
- check for the proper fuel grade
- mixture rich during TO and initial climb
- shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling.
- avoid extended, high power, steep climbs
- monitor engine instruments to verify proper operation
What is preignition?
- fuel / air mixture ignites prior to the engine’s normal ignition event
- usually caused by a residual hot spot in the cylinder
- causes high operating temperatures and lose of power and possibly severe engine damage.
What actions should be taken if preignition is suspected?
- use the recommended grade of fuel
- operate the engine within the recommended parameters.
If the engine begins to run rough when flying through heavy rain, what action should be taken?
- the induction air filter may possibly be saturated with water which will reduce the amount of available air to the carburetor
- Carb heat may be used as an alternate air source of air
How to minimize spark plug fouling?
lean the mixture
Low oil pressure, but the oil temperature is normal?
- insufficient oil level, OR
- a clogged oil pressure relief valve
- faulty gauge
- Landing ASAP
Loss of oil pressure & rising oil temp?
- engine failure is imminent
- reduce power
- land ASAP
What procedure should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting?
**If the engine starts: **
* increase the power to a higher rpm for a few moments and then
* shut down the engine and have it inspected.
If the engine does not start:
* FULL throttle
* mixture IDLE CUTOFF
* continue cranking the engine in an attempt to put out the fire
If the fire continues:
* shut off all equipment
* fuel selector OFF
* use fire extinguisher
What to do if inflight engine fire?
- mixture IDLE
- fuel selector OFF
- flaps as needed
- master OFF
- cabin heat and air OFF
- emergency descent (Vfe 120mph)
- forced landing
electrical fire in flight in cockpit?
- master OFF
- all switches except ignition OFF
- cabin heat/vent OFF
- use fire extinguisher
What are the three main types of aircraft icing?
a. structural
b. induction system
c. instrument icing
Name four types of structural ice.
Clear, rime, mixed
frost - when temp & dew point are below freezing at the surface
What is necessary for structural icing to occur?
- visible moisture
- temperature must be at or below freezing
What type of structural icing is more dangerous, rime or clear?
clear ice
* hard and heavy
* difficult to remove with deicing equipment
* it forms as it flows away from the deicing equipment
What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions?
- change course and/or altitude
- usually climb to a higher altitude if able.
If icing has been inadvertently encountered, how would your landing approach procedure be different?
- higher power setting
- higher approach speed
- higher altitude
- expect higher stall speed
- expect longer landing roll
- no flaps
- avoid go-around
Which type of precipitation will produce the most hazardous icing conditions?
freezing rain
Does the stall warning system have any protection from ice?
NO
What causes carburetor icing?
Cooling due to vaporization of fuel and expansion of air
What are the first indications of the presence of carburetor icing?
Fix prop: loss of rpm
CS prop: drop in manifold pressure
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
- temperatures < 70F
- relative humidity > 80%
What is meant by decompression?
Decompression is the inability of the aircraft’s pressurization system to maintain the designed “aircraft cabin” pressure.
What are the two types of decompression?
explosive decompression
* less than half a second
rapid decompression
* Usually a slow leak
What are the dangers of decompression?
- hypoxia
- being blown out of the airplane
- the bends (decompression sickness)
- exposure to wind blast and extreme cold
When would an emergency descent procedure be necessary?
- uncontrollable fire
- sudden loss of cabin pressure
What procedure should be followed in establishing an emergency descent?
a. power to idle
b. flaps down
c. do not exceed 120 mph
d. establish a 30 - 45 degree bank to clear the area below
What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes?
if the drain hole remains clear
* ASI = 0
* altimeter = normal
* VSI = normal
If drain hole is also blocked
* ASI acts like altimeter
* altimeter = normal
* VSI = normal
What instruments are affected when the static port freezes?
ASI
* only accurate at the altitude frozen
* airspeed will increase in descent
Altimeter
* indicates the altitude at which the system was blocked
VSI
* indicates level flight
Does the pitot system have any protection from ice?
Pitot heat
What corrective action is needed if the pitot tube freezes?
turn pitot heat on
What corrective action is needed if the static port freezes?
use alternate air if available, or break the face of a static instrument, (probably the vsi)
What indications should you expect while using alternate air?
pressure is usually lower than outside
* ASI = faster than actual
* altimeter = higher than actual
* VSI = climb in level flight
What instruments may be relied upon in the event of a complete vacuum system failure while operating in IMC?
a. turn coordinator - bank info
b. magnetic compass - bank info
c. airspeed - pitch info
d. altimeter - pitch info
e. vertical speed indicator - pitch info
What recommended procedure should be used in resetting a tripped circuit breaker?
- allow a short 2 min cooling period
- reset breaker
- don’t reset if trips again
What does the ammeter on the Grumman show with all equipment off, and the master switch off?
No current is flowing to or from the battery
What max amp draw is the alternator capable of handling?
60 amps