Performance Legislation Flashcards
Can you name a few disasters in aviation that prompted tweaking efforts in aviation?
The Munich Disaster : Effect of slush and snow in take-off performance
What are the effects of using computers for all performance calculations?
Human complacency
Keys to counteract complacency
- Training and discipline
- Never cut corners
- Never bend the rules
Where are the EASA performance requirements?
CS 25 and CS 23
What are the two Certification Requirements that need compliance from manufacturers when they first build an aircraft? By whom were these requirements developed?
Certification Requirements developed from ICAO Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft:
1. FARs = American Federal Airworthiness Requirements
2. EASA Certification Standards
a. CS23 and CS25
What’s the second level of regulation to ensure the safety of operation in public transport and what does it produce in Europe?
ICAO Annex 6, EU-OPS, Part-CAT
To what aircraft is the CS 25 applicable?
i. Maximum Certified TOW > 5700 Kg (12500 lbs)
ii. Some light jets < 5700 Kg
To what aircraft is the CS 23 applicable?
a. All other ‘normal category’
i. MOPSC of 19 or less and
ii. MTOW of 8618 Kg (19000 lbs) or less
What are the 4 levels of aircraft in the CS 23 and what do they depend on?
b. Four Certification levels that depend on passenger seating capacity
i. Level 1 — ¬¬ 0-1 pax
ii. Level 2 — 2-6 pax
iii. Level 3 — 7-9 pax
iv. Level 4 — 10-19 pax
What are the two performance levels in the CS 23?
i. Low speed — VNO or VMO ≤ 250 Knots KCAS or a MMO ≤ 0.6
ii. High speed — VNO or VMO > 250 KCAS or an MMO > 0.6
Do the regulations differ from single and multi engine in the CS 23? Can you give an example?
Yes
Level 2 low speed multi-engine
Who gathers and who prepares performance data?
Manufacturers gather data about performance, then they provide it to operators, who in turn prepare the performance data for the crews
What is Gross performance?
Estimated fleet average
What’s measured performance? Is it better or worse than gross performance?
Measured performance = data produced from pre-production aircraft, invariably better than gross performance
What’s Net Performance? By what is it reduced?
The risk level considered acceptable which 1 in a million chance of a commercial air transport in a situation followed by a failure to achieve the required performance standard.
It is gross performance reduced.
During pre-flight planning, what margins do we take?
In pre-flight planning we use:
1. Take-off and landing distances that are longer than the average would achieve
2. Net climb and descend gradients worse than we might expect from an average aircraft in real life
What can we conclude from safety margins?
Likely event — big safety margin
Unlikely event — smaller subsequent safety margin
Really unlikely event — no subsequent safety margin
Where fo we find performance information made by manufacturers? What document must the operator’s produce for flight crew?
In the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
Operations Manual (OM) Part B
Can you name the multi-document resources that an operator prepares for the flight crew under the OM Part B?
QRH
FCOM
C-TOP
EFB
Can the manufacturer prepare any document of OM Part B?
Yes, the standard FCOM may be prepared by the manufacturer Airbus
What can the Airline Operations Department prepare?
performance documents and send them via ACARs (datalink) for comparison with crew calculations
What does the EU-OPS PArt-ORO set out?
What performance info should be included in the OM Part B
What performance standard is included in the FCOM?
In aircraft intended for public transport:
1. All aircraft certified under CS 25/FAR 25
a. Safety margins specified in Part-CAT are applied and therefore Data is always based on net performance
In aircraft intended for private flight
1. Operating under Part-CAT
a. Data in POH is gross data: safety margins must be added by the pilot
2. Outside restrictions of Part-CAT
a. Application of gross/net safety
What are the Performance Classes?
- Fixed wing Aircraft
Class A
1. All multi-engined jets
2. Multi-engined turbo-props with
a. MOPSC > 9 or
b. MTOM > 5700Kg
Class A is the most restrictive performance Class.
Requires aircraft to be able to sustain an engine failure at any stage of any flight with only a very low risk of accident, always assuming the aircraft is handled correctly
Allows Authority to approve ops in poor weather conditions
Class B
- Propeller-driven aircraft, either piston or turbo-prop
- MOPSC ≤ 9
- MTOM ≤5700 Kg
Class C
Piston-engined aircraft
1. MOPSC > 9 or
2. MTOM > 5700 Kg
