Performance Legislation

Question 1

Can you name a few disasters in aviation that prompted tweaking efforts in aviation?

Answer 1

The Munich Disaster : Effect of slush and snow in take-off performance

Question 2

What are the effects of using computers for all performance calculations?

Answer 2

Human complacency

Question 3

Keys to counteract complacency

Answer 3

• Training and discipline
• Never cut corners
• Never bend the rules

Question 4

Where are the EASA performance requirements?

Answer 4

CS 25 and CS 23

Question 5

What are the two Certification Requirements that need compliance from manufacturers when they first build an aircraft? By whom were these requirements developed?

Answer 5

Certification Requirements developed from ICAO Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft:
1. FARs = American Federal Airworthiness Requirements
2. EASA Certification Standards
a. CS23 and CS25

Question 6

What’s the second level of regulation to ensure the safety of operation in public transport and what does it produce in Europe?

Answer 6

ICAO Annex 6, EU-OPS, Part-CAT

Question 7

To what aircraft is the CS 25 applicable?

Answer 7

i. Maximum Certified TOW > 5700 Kg (12500 lbs)
ii. Some light jets < 5700 Kg

Question 8

To what aircraft is the CS 23 applicable?

Answer 8

a. All other ‘normal category’
i. MOPSC of 19 or less and
ii. MTOW of 8618 Kg (19000 lbs) or less

Question 9

What are the 4 levels of aircraft in the CS 23 and what do they depend on?

Answer 9

b. Four Certification levels that depend on passenger seating capacity
i. Level 1 — ¬¬ 0-1 pax
ii. Level 2 — 2-6 pax
iii. Level 3 — 7-9 pax
iv. Level 4 — 10-19 pax

Question 10

What are the two performance levels in the CS 23?

Answer 10

i. Low speed — VNO or VMO ≤ 250 Knots KCAS or a MMO ≤ 0.6
ii. High speed — VNO or VMO > 250 KCAS or an MMO > 0.6

Question 11

Do the regulations differ from single and multi engine in the CS 23? Can you give an example?

Answer 11

Yes
Level 2 low speed multi-engine

Question 12

Who gathers and who prepares performance data?

Answer 12

Manufacturers gather data about performance, then they provide it to operators, who in turn prepare the performance data for the crews

Question 13

What is Gross performance?

Answer 13

Estimated fleet average

Question 14

What’s measured performance? Is it better or worse than gross performance?

Answer 14

Measured performance = data produced from pre-production aircraft, invariably better than gross performance

Question 15

What’s Net Performance? By what is it reduced?

Answer 15

The risk level considered acceptable which 1 in a million chance of a commercial air transport in a situation followed by a failure to achieve the required performance standard.
It is gross performance reduced.

Question 16

During pre-flight planning, what margins do we take?

Answer 16

In pre-flight planning we use:
1. Take-off and landing distances that are longer than the average would achieve
2. Net climb and descend gradients worse than we might expect from an average aircraft in real life

Question 17

What can we conclude from safety margins?

Answer 17

Likely event — big safety margin
Unlikely event — smaller subsequent safety margin
Really unlikely event — no subsequent safety margin

Question 18

Where fo we find performance information made by manufacturers? What document must the operator’s produce for flight crew?

Answer 18

In the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
Operations Manual (OM) Part B

Question 19

Can you name the multi-document resources that an operator prepares for the flight crew under the OM Part B?

Answer 19

QRH
FCOM
C-TOP
EFB

Question 20

Can the manufacturer prepare any document of OM Part B?

Answer 20

Yes, the standard FCOM may be prepared by the manufacturer Airbus

Question 21

What can the Airline Operations Department prepare?

Answer 21

performance documents and send them via ACARs (datalink) for comparison with crew calculations

Question 22

What does the EU-OPS PArt-ORO set out?

Answer 22

What performance info should be included in the OM Part B

Question 23

What performance standard is included in the FCOM?

Answer 23

In aircraft intended for public transport:
1. All aircraft certified under CS 25/FAR 25
a. Safety margins specified in Part-CAT are applied and therefore Data is always based on net performance

In aircraft intended for private flight
1. Operating under Part-CAT
a. Data in POH is gross data: safety margins must be added by the pilot
2. Outside restrictions of Part-CAT
a. Application of gross/net safety

Question 24

What are the Performance Classes?

Answer 24

1. Fixed wing Aircraft

Class A
1. All multi-engined jets
2. Multi-engined turbo-props with
a. MOPSC > 9 or
b. MTOM > 5700Kg

Class A is the most restrictive performance Class.

Requires aircraft to be able to sustain an engine failure at any stage of any flight with only a very low risk of accident, always assuming the aircraft is handled correctly

Allows Authority to approve ops in poor weather conditions

Class B

1. Propeller-driven aircraft, either piston or turbo-prop
2. MOPSC ≤ 9
3. MTOM ≤5700 Kg

Class C

Piston-engined aircraft
1. MOPSC > 9 or
2. MTOM > 5700 Kg