Performance and Learning Flashcards
What 2 components does motor development include?
growth and aging
What is another name for motor control?
Neuromuscular control
Is motor control more behavioral or physiological?
Physiological
Is motor learning more behavioral or physiological?
Behavioral
What are the 5 components of motor skills?
- Goal oriented
- Include body and/or limb movements
- Voluntary
- Developed as a result of practice
- Can be learned, recalled, relearned, and modified
Define learning
The relatively permanent change in a person’s capability to execute a motor skill
What is the best way to learn?
Making errors
Movement involves the interaction of what 3 elements?
Person
Task
Environment
Are “abilities” learned or inherited traits?
Inherited traits
Are “skills” learned or inherited traits?
Learned
What is a synonym for “abilities”?
Hardware
What is a synonym for “skills”?
Software
What is neuroplasticity?
Significant cortical reorganization of the CNS
When is cortical excitability the greatest?
Later in the day compared to the morning
What is the greatest modality to promote beneficial neuroplastic change?
Physical activity
What are the 2 classifications of motor skills?
- Gross motor skills
2. Fine motor skills
What type of movements are associated with gross motor skills?
Multi-limb movements with little precision
What type of movements are associated with fine motor skills?
Small and precise movements
What are the 3 subcategories of the nature of movement organization?
- Discrete skill
- Continuous skill
- Serial skill
What is a defining characteristic of a discrete skill?
Single execution that has a defined beginning and end
For continuous skills, what is unique about the beginning and end of the skill?
Beginning and end are arbitrary
What type of skill would you be using if the motion is rhythmic or repetitive?
Continuous skill
What type of skill would you be using if the motion is a series of movements?
Serial skill
What is the most important thing in a serial skill?
The ORDER of the movements
What is the duration of discrete skills?
Short duration
What are the 2 skill classifications based on environmental predictability?
- Closed skill
2. Open skill
What is the level of predictability for a closed skill?
High level of predictability
What are the 2 main objectives of closed skills?
Consistency and refinement
What is the level of predictability for an open skill?
Unpredictable
What is the key objective for open skills?
Adaptability
What type of environment is best during early learning stages?
Closed environment
What are the 2 components to Gentile’s 2-Dimensional Taxonomy?
Environmental Context
Action Function
What are the 2 subdivisions of “Environment” in the taxonomy?
Stationary
In motion
What are the 2 subdivisions of “Function of Action” in the taxonomy?
Stable body
Mobile body
Is learning measured or inferred?
Inferred
Is performance measured or inferred?
Measured
What are the 4 ways that we could infer that learning has occurred if performance is variable?
- Persistent improvement
- Better consistency
- Stability of performance
- Adaptability
How do we measure consistency?
Variable error
What are the 2 models of the Stages of Motor Skill Learning?
- Fitts and Posner 3-stage Model
2. Gentile 2-stage Model
The 2 models of Stages of Motor Skill Learning have something in common about the beginning of learning. What is that commonality?
Learning begins as a COGNITIVE process
What are the 3 stages of the Fitts and Posner 3-stage Model?
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
What are the key characteristics of the cognitive stage?
“Getting the idea”
Performance is highly variable with lack of consistency
During the cognitive stage, does task knowledge improve faster or slower than motor performance?
Faster
During the cognitive stage, are errors high or low in number?
High
During the cognitive stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?
No
What are they key characteristics of the associative stage?
Learner can associate specific environmental cues with the movements required to achieve the goal of the skill
How should the learner approach the associative stage in terms of how many strategies to try?
Learner should try using multiple strategies
During the associative stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?
Learner can identify them but not necessarily correct them
During the autonomous stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?
Yes to both
What are the 2 stages of the Gentile’s 2-stage Model?
- Initial Stage
2. Later Stage
What are the main goals during the initial stage?
Develop a movement pattern that allows success
Discriminate between regulatory conditions and non-regulatory conditions
How does one gain success during the initial stage?
Through TRIAL AND ERROR
What is a regulatory condition?
Something about the environment that dictates the task performance
What do the goals depend on in the later stage?
The type of skill
For closed skills, during the later stage, what is the goal?
Fixation
For open skills, during the later stage, what is the goal?
Diversification
