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Movement Science > Performance and Learning > Flashcards

Performance and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 components does motor development include?

A

growth and aging

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2
Q

What is another name for motor control?

A

Neuromuscular control

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3
Q

Is motor control more behavioral or physiological?

A

Physiological

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4
Q

Is motor learning more behavioral or physiological?

A

Behavioral

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5
Q

What are the 5 components of motor skills?

A
  1. Goal oriented
  2. Include body and/or limb movements
  3. Voluntary
  4. Developed as a result of practice
  5. Can be learned, recalled, relearned, and modified
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6
Q

Define learning

A

The relatively permanent change in a person’s capability to execute a motor skill

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7
Q

What is the best way to learn?

A

Making errors

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8
Q

Movement involves the interaction of what 3 elements?

A

Person
Task
Environment

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9
Q

Are “abilities” learned or inherited traits?

A

Inherited traits

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10
Q

Are “skills” learned or inherited traits?

A

Learned

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11
Q

What is a synonym for “abilities”?

A

Hardware

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12
Q

What is a synonym for “skills”?

A

Software

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13
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Significant cortical reorganization of the CNS

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14
Q

When is cortical excitability the greatest?

A

Later in the day compared to the morning

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15
Q

What is the greatest modality to promote beneficial neuroplastic change?

A

Physical activity

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16
Q

What are the 2 classifications of motor skills?

A
  1. Gross motor skills

2. Fine motor skills

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17
Q

What type of movements are associated with gross motor skills?

A

Multi-limb movements with little precision

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18
Q

What type of movements are associated with fine motor skills?

A

Small and precise movements

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19
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of the nature of movement organization?

A
  1. Discrete skill
  2. Continuous skill
  3. Serial skill
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20
Q

What is a defining characteristic of a discrete skill?

A

Single execution that has a defined beginning and end

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21
Q

For continuous skills, what is unique about the beginning and end of the skill?

A

Beginning and end are arbitrary

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22
Q

What type of skill would you be using if the motion is rhythmic or repetitive?

A

Continuous skill

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23
Q

What type of skill would you be using if the motion is a series of movements?

A

Serial skill

24
Q

What is the most important thing in a serial skill?

A

The ORDER of the movements

25
Q

What is the duration of discrete skills?

A

Short duration

26
Q

What are the 2 skill classifications based on environmental predictability?

A
  1. Closed skill

2. Open skill

27
Q

What is the level of predictability for a closed skill?

A

High level of predictability

28
Q

What are the 2 main objectives of closed skills?

A

Consistency and refinement

29
Q

What is the level of predictability for an open skill?

A

Unpredictable

30
Q

What is the key objective for open skills?

A

Adaptability

31
Q

What type of environment is best during early learning stages?

A

Closed environment

32
Q

What are the 2 components to Gentile’s 2-Dimensional Taxonomy?

A

Environmental Context

Action Function

33
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of “Environment” in the taxonomy?

A

Stationary

In motion

34
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of “Function of Action” in the taxonomy?

A

Stable body

Mobile body

35
Q

Is learning measured or inferred?

A

Inferred

36
Q

Is performance measured or inferred?

A

Measured

37
Q

What are the 4 ways that we could infer that learning has occurred if performance is variable?

A
  1. Persistent improvement
  2. Better consistency
  3. Stability of performance
  4. Adaptability
38
Q

How do we measure consistency?

A

Variable error

39
Q

What are the 2 models of the Stages of Motor Skill Learning?

A
  1. Fitts and Posner 3-stage Model

2. Gentile 2-stage Model

40
Q

The 2 models of Stages of Motor Skill Learning have something in common about the beginning of learning. What is that commonality?

A

Learning begins as a COGNITIVE process

41
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Fitts and Posner 3-stage Model?

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
42
Q

What are the key characteristics of the cognitive stage?

A

“Getting the idea”

Performance is highly variable with lack of consistency

43
Q

During the cognitive stage, does task knowledge improve faster or slower than motor performance?

A

Faster

44
Q

During the cognitive stage, are errors high or low in number?

A

High

45
Q

During the cognitive stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?

A

No

46
Q

What are they key characteristics of the associative stage?

A

Learner can associate specific environmental cues with the movements required to achieve the goal of the skill

47
Q

How should the learner approach the associative stage in terms of how many strategies to try?

A

Learner should try using multiple strategies

48
Q

During the associative stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?

A

Learner can identify them but not necessarily correct them

49
Q

During the autonomous stage, do learners know how to identify and correct their own errors?

A

Yes to both

50
Q

What are the 2 stages of the Gentile’s 2-stage Model?

A
  1. Initial Stage

2. Later Stage

51
Q

What are the main goals during the initial stage?

A

Develop a movement pattern that allows success

Discriminate between regulatory conditions and non-regulatory conditions

52
Q

How does one gain success during the initial stage?

A

Through TRIAL AND ERROR

53
Q

What is a regulatory condition?

A

Something about the environment that dictates the task performance

54
Q

What do the goals depend on in the later stage?

A

The type of skill

55
Q

For closed skills, during the later stage, what is the goal?

A

Fixation

56
Q

For open skills, during the later stage, what is the goal?

A

Diversification

Movement Science (2 decks)

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