Perfect Score Flashcards
specializes in the
medical and surgical treatment of eye disease
OPHTHALMOLOGIST
ophthalmologist with advanced training in
plastic and reconstructive surgery of the eye
Ocuplastic Specialist
specialist who earns a Doctor of Optometry
(OD) after undergraduate and graduate
education; test vision, examine eyes, prescribe
corrective lenses and contact lenses
OPTOMESTRIST
makes eyeglass or contact
lenses based on prescriptions
Optician
Assistants who are certified by the Joint
Commission on Allied Health Personnel in
Ophthalmology to assist in selected eye tests
and procedures.
Ophthalmic technician
When to have eye examination?
Through screening at the age of 40
Adults with family Hx
Immediate Attention
Bulging of the eye; dark spots in the center of
field vision; difficulty focusing; loss of
peripheral vision; sudden vision loss.
tool composed of letter sized
progressively smaller from top to
bottom that is used to test distance
vision.
Snellen chart
Normal vision
20/20
Legal Blindness
20/200
drooping of the eyelid
Ptosis
condition where the eye is
exposed because the eyelids are unable to
fully cover the eye.
Lid retraction
oscillating movement of the
eyeball.
Nystagmus
Asymmetrical movements –
extraocular muscle weakness or
cranial nerve dysfunction.
6 cardinal direction of gaze
2 extraocular muscle function test
Corneal light reflex test
Uneven light reflex test
assesses
the alignment of the eyes
Corneal light reflex test
deviated
alignment of the eyes (muscle
weakness or paralysis)
Uneven light reflex test
assesses extraocular
muscle function.
Cover uncover test
Direct visualization of the eye that
allows sequential viewing of the
cornea, lens, and retina, respectively
Direct ophthalmoscopy
headband with
light in addition to small handheld lens.
Indirect ophthalmoscopy
microscope with a
bright light.
Slit lamp examination
measures intraocular pressure
Tonometry
reflections of sound
waves form a picture of eye structure.
Ultrasonography
May lead to Amblyopia
Stabismus (Eye Deviation)
Common test to detect the disorder (Stabismus (Eye Deviation))
Corneal light reflex
Cover test
“nearsightedness”
Myopia
Hyperopia
“Farsightedness”
What lenses are for the Nearsighted
Concave
What lenses are for the farsighted,
Convex
s people age the crystalline lens loses its
elasticity & is less able to alter its shape to
focus the eye for close work.
Presbyopia
Occurs when the curve of the cornea is
uneven.
Astigmatism
Developmental and degenerative opacity of
the crystalline lens.
Cataract
Assessment for cataract
Seeing halo around lights, pain, blurriness,myopic shift, color shift,brunescens
earliest symptom of cataract
Seeing halo around lights
more on the blue end of the
spectrum
Color shift
return of ability to do close work
without glasses
Myopic shift
color values that shift to yellow-
brown; white grey spot behind pupil
Brunescens
Surgical Management of cataract
Surgery:
Intrascapular catarac
Extracapsular cataract extraction
Phacoemulsification
removing the lens
including the lens capsule
Intra scapular cataract
removing the lens and the anterior portion of
the lens, capsule, leaving the posterior
capsule intact.
Extra scapular cataract extraction
a method of
extracapsular surgery which uses an
ultrasonic device that liquefies the nucleus and
the cortex, which are then suctioned out.
Phacoemulsification
Nursing management
Pre op for cataract
Withhold anticoagulants 5-7 days
Administer dilating drops 1hr prior to surgery
Prophylactic antibiotic
Eye lashes should be trimmed at night
Preop check list
Post-Operative for cataract
Wear protective eyepatch 24 hours post-op
• Wear eyes shield at night; eye glasses in the
morning for 1-4 weeks post-op
• Flat, low Fowler’s or on un operative side for
3-4 weeks; avoid sleeping on operative side.
• Avoid activities that will increase IOP
Can cataracts reappear after surgery?
No
“silent thief of sight”
Glaucoma
Acute
Closed angle (medical emergency)
Chronic
Open angle ( more common)
IOP measurement; findings:
Tonometry > 22mmhg
Optic nerve assessment;
cupping of the optic disc
Ophthalmoscopy
anterior chamber angle
assessment; determines angle, differentiates
open & closed angle glaucoma
Gonioscopy
visual field assessment/ test for
peripheral vision; tunnel vision
Perimetry
Medical Management (glaucoma)
Miotics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Anticholinesterase
Beta-blockers
Lifelong; Pharmacologic therapy:
IOP control
Constricts pupils & increases outflow
Miotics
acetazolamide/ Diamox
o Reduces the production of aqueous
humor
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Suppress secretion of aqueous humor
o One eye is treated first
Beta-blockers
Surgical Treatment for glaucoma
Trabeculotomy
Trabeculectomy
Drainage implants/shunts
Trabectome surgery
Filtering procedure; loosely
suturing of scleral flap through which fluid
escapes resulting to absorption of aqueous.
Trabeculotomy
removal of part of the
trabecular meshwork, allowing it to heal
impartially, which would then serve as
drainage.
Trabeculectomy
similar concept
as filtering procedure, but drainage is at the
episcleral plate in the conjunctiva.
Drainage implants/shunts
minimally invasive;
(1.7mm incision) is made in the periphery of
your cornea.
Trabectome surgery
How much of an incision is given to a trabectome surgery
1.7mm
An injury to cornea which goes not deeper
than epithelium
Corneal abrasion
Hemorrhage into the orbit from trauma
Black eye
Management of black eye
Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate
Management for corneal abrasion
Tetracaine sol
Stain with fluorescein
Pain
n cause drying of the cornea with resulting
chronic conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration.
Burns of the eye
with face or body burns
Thermal burns
Excessive sunlight or other strong light
Actinic trauma
Either acid or alkali in nature. Both cause
intense pain and inflammation.
Chemical burns
Alkali eye burn are more severe than acid burn?
True
temporary vision condition caused by
prolonged use of electronic devices.
Digital eye strain
Symptoms of digital strain eyes
Burning, itchy or tired eyes after using
electronic devices
• Headaches
• Fatigue
Digital eye strain symptoms may be caused by:
Poor lighting
• Glare on the computer screen
• Improper viewing distances
Digital eye strain can be diagnosed through
comprehensive eye exam.
20-20-20 rule
Every 20 minutes
• Take a 20 second break
• And look at something 20 feet away
Preventing eye and vision problems
Check the height and position of the device
• Check for glare on the screen
• Reduce the amount of lighting in the room to
match the computer screen
• Keep blinking
• Visit your optometrist
Children need to have an eye exam by an optometrist:
Between 6-12 months of age
• Before age 3, and
• Every year thereafter and throughout
adulthood
Adults: see the optometrist yearly, unless directed to
visit the doctor more frequently.
True
