PERF Flashcards

1
Q

Hver er formúla Maximum range?

A

Maximum range = safe fuel available * Specific range

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2
Q

180 minute ETOPS rule: 180 minutes flying time to a suitable airport in {prevailing/still air] with [both engines/one engine inoperative}.

A

180 minutes flying time to a suitable airport in still air with one engine inoperative.

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3
Q

No clearway, no stopway: Balanced. ___ = ___

A

TOD = ASD

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4
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir Vx og Vy ef þú setur niður gear?

A

Minnka báðir

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5
Q

Í hvaða climb segmenti setur þú thrust í max continuous?

A

4th

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6
Q

The speed __ may not be less than 1.23 Vsro and must be maintained down to 50 ft height.

A

Vref

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7
Q

What is a balanced field length?

A

The one engine inoperative take-off distance and the rejected take-off distance to full stop are equal.

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8
Q

The diminishment to be applied to the gross gradient (take-off climb) to obtain the net gradient for a twin engined Class A Aeroplane is __ %.

A

0.8% fyrir tveggja hreyfla.

ef þú ert spurður um þriggja þá 0.9% og 1,0% fyrir fjögurra

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9
Q

Hvað er það sem takmarkar altitude á transcontinental jet vanalega?

a) low and high speed buffer
b) Pressurisation maximum altitude
c) Certification maximum altitude

A

a) low and high speed buffer

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10
Q

Hver er formúla fyrir unaccelerated percentage climb gradient for small climb angles?

A

Climb gradient = (Thrust - Drag) / Weight * 100

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11
Q

Hvernig breytist lift coefficient með hæð?

A

Breytist ekki

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12
Q

Hvernig er factorization á lendingar fyrir

a) jet
b) B class
c) Propeller
d) A class

A
  1. 43 fyrir B-class eða prop

1. 67 fyrir jet eða A class

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13
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir field length limited TOM ef það er standing water?

A

Minnkar

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14
Q

Obstacle limited TOM: decreases/increases with high atmospheric pressure?

A

increases with high atmospheric pressure because higher thrust is available.

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15
Q

Hvaða skilyrði þurfa að vera svo runway teljist contaminated?

A

Covered (25% or more) og 3mm eða meira.

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16
Q

Balanced field: The _____ take-off distance and the ____ are equal.

A

one engine inoperative, rejected take-off distance to full stop

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17
Q

Hvernig finnur þú effective wind climb gradient?

A

Segir ROC = TAS * Climb gradient.
Fyrst leysir þú út ROC fyrir TAS og svo notarðu það ROC og plöggar svo bara inn GS og finnur þannig Climb gradient effective.

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18
Q

Þegar þú ert að vinna með ROC = TAS * CG er CG í gráðum eða prósentum? Hvernig myndir þú skrifa þetta inn í formúluna?

A

prósentum, 5 prósent væri skrifað “5”.

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19
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir V2 ef þú eykur flapa?

A

minnkar? (Hann byggist á stall hraða).

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20
Q

Induced drag er mest í unaccelerated flight at

a) Vs1
b) Vso

A

Vso, ótrúlegt en satt

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21
Q

Í power-off glide, til að fá maximum glide range þá ferðu á hraða þar sem

A

max lift to drag.

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22
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir induced drag ef þú færir CG aftur?

A

minnkar

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23
Q

Hvað er 1 kg mörg lbs?

A

2.205

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24
Q

Þú skoðar tvær tölur í flight testing á take-off distances, hvaða tölur og hvora velur þú?

A

All engines * 1.15
One engine
Velur hærri töluna.

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25
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir minimum drag IAS ef þú léttir vél?

A

Minnkar

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26
Q

Hvaða faktor notar þú í take-off ef þú sérð “no clearway or stopway” ?

A

1.25

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27
Q

V2 must exceed Vmc by _%

A

10%

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28
Q

Vr must exceed Vmca by _%

A

5%

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29
Q

V2 must exceed Vsr by _%

A

13%

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30
Q

Hvað máttu beygja mikið í:

a) below 50 ft or 1/2 wingspan
b) below 400’
c) Above 400’

A

a) 0°
b) 15°
c) 25°

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31
Q

Hversu hátt er screen height?

a) A class
b) B class
c) A class + wet runway

A

A class er 45 ft, B class er 50 ft og A class wet runway er 15 ft.

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32
Q

Balanced field er þegar ____ er það sama og ____.

A

TODA, ASDA

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33
Q

Improved climb performance procedure snýst um að auka hvaða hraða?

A

V2

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34
Q
Raðaðu þessum hröðum upp frá þeim hægasta til hraðasta:
Vlof
V1
Vmu
V2
Vmc
Vef
Vmcg
Vr
A

Vmcg -> Vef -> V1 -> Vmc -> Vr -> Vmu -> Vlof -> V2

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35
Q

Komdu með dæmi þar sem það getur verið gott að vera með uphill slope.

A

Þegar þú ert brake energy limited.

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36
Q

Hvenær notar þú derated take-off thrust? When TOM is limited by ___.

A

ASDA.

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37
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir take-off distance ef þú eykur V2?

A

Eykst

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38
Q

Drag sveiflast með

a) Hæð
b) IAS
c) bæði
d) hvorugu

A

Sveiflast með IAS (meiri hraði meira drag) en breytist ekkert með hæð.

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39
Q

Required enroute obstacle clearance (A-class): ___ ft.

A

2000

Class B er 3000 ft

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40
Q

Þegar þú ert að meta hvað þú mátt nota mikið af runway í lendingu þá notar þú __% fyrir jet og __% fyrir turboprop.

A

60%, 70%

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41
Q

Minimum landing speed B-class: 1._ Vso

A

1.3

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42
Q

Með hvaða þáttum þarftu að deila með ef þú ert að finna take-off distance (ef það er clearway/stopway): _ TORA, _ TODA, _ ASDA

A

1 TORA
1.15 TODA
1.3 ASDA
Velur minnstu niðurstöðuna

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43
Q

Hvaða formúlu notar þú til að finna Rate of climb?

A

ROC = climb gradient * TAS * 6000/6076

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44
Q

Vref = _Vso

A

1.3Vso

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45
Q

B-class: Klifurgeta verður að vera: __ ft/min - all engines operating at maximum continuous power.

A

300

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46
Q

Obstacle clearance class B er __ ft.

A

3000

Class A er 2000 ft.

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47
Q

In class B the net gradient is the gross gradient decreased/increased by __%

A

INCREASED by 0.5%

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48
Q

Ef þú ert að reikna take-off í B class, hvaða factora notar þú á wet grass og svo dry grass? Hvað með A class?

A
B class er með 1.3 á wet grass og 1.2 á dry grass.
A class er held ég bara með 1.15 á hvort fyrir sig.
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49
Q

Hver er take-off speed fyrir single engine airplane?

A

Basicly B class, sem er 1.2 Vs1

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50
Q

Vs er..

a) Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable
b) stall speed

A

a) Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable

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51
Q

Hvaða hraði er þetta? “Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable in a specific configuration.”

A

Vs1

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52
Q

Hvað af þessu notar þú í take-off útreikninga?

a) downslope B) elevation c) wind d) isa temperature

A

Elevation, wind og isa temperature

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53
Q

B class: Net take-off flight path begins at __ ft for B-class and ends at __ ft.

A

50, 1500

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54
Q

Hver er vídd clearway í metrum og fetum?

A

152 metrar (500 feet)

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55
Q

Hvar er L/D maximum?

A

Þar sem það er lágmarks drag (Vmd)

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56
Q

Hvernig reiknar þú climb angle ef þú hefur drag, weight og thrust?

A

T = D - Wsin(y)

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57
Q

The force exactly opposing and balancing lift in a glide descent is: weight *____.

A

cos(angle of descent).

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58
Q

Hvor kemur á undan, Vef (engine failure) eða V1?

A

Vef
Vmcg -> Vef -> V1
Held að munurinn á V1 og Vef er response time hjá flugmanni.

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59
Q

What margin above the stall speed is provided by the landing reference speed Vref? 1.30 V__.

A

1.30 Vso

60
Q

Hvort myndir þú nota low-angled flap setting í kulda eða hita?

A

Hita.. þú hefur svo lítið að moða úr að til að geta tekið af loft þá verður þú að nota litla flapa.

61
Q

V2 has to be equal to or higher than 1.1V__

A

1.1 Vmca
líka miðað við
2 or 3 engined turbojets:1.13 Vsr

62
Q

Hvað kallast þegar “one engine inoperative take-off distance and the rejected take-off distance to full stop are equal”?

A

Balanced field length

63
Q

A balanced field provides minimum field length required in the case of __ ____.

A

engine failure

64
Q

Hvor er á undan, Vmu eða Vr?

A

Vr, ótrúlegt en satt.

65
Q

Optimum altitude increases with decreasing mass and ____.

A

decreasing Mach number

66
Q

180 minute etops, er þetta með..

a) prevailing/still air?
b) one engine/all engine

A

still air, one engine inop.

67
Q

Balanced field: ASDA = ___

A

TODA

68
Q

A flat rated turbofan engine has a constant maximum rated thrust level… hvernig endar svo setningin?

A

up to a specific OAT level

69
Q

Á hvaða hraða er induced drag mest? V__

A

Vso

70
Q

Hourly fuel consumption is proporional to ___.

A

thrust

71
Q

Hvað tvennt eykur optimum altitude?

A

Léttari og minni Mach hraði

72
Q

Hvað getur þú gert ef þig vantar ASDA og ert því limitaður með TOM?

A

Derated take-off thrust

73
Q

Með hvaða aðgerð getur þú aukið field length limited take-off mass?

A

Nota flapa

74
Q

Higher gross mass at same altitude decreases the gradient and the rate of climb whereas: Vy and Vx are…

A

increased

75
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir Vx og Vy ef

a) mass minnkar b) flaps niður c) gear niður d) engine failure í multi engine airplane

A

ef mass minnkar þá minnkar Vx og Vy
Ef flaps fara niður og/eða gear (meira drag) þá minnka líka Vx og Vy.
Engine failure í ME: Vx eykst og Vy minnkar (færast saman).

76
Q

Hvað heitir þessi hraði? The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the aeroplane is controllable in landing blabla er?

A

Vso

77
Q

Ef það er talað um engine failure above OEI celing og hvaða hraða þú átt að velja, hvað er alltaf rétta svarið?

A

Best rate of climb.

78
Q

Ef þú vilt komast frá A-Ö með því að eyða sem minnstu bensíni, hvaða hraða velur þú? Max __ speed

A

max range

79
Q

Hver er aðalástæða þess að nota “step climb” aðferðina?

A

Increase range

80
Q

Hvað er í raun og veru oft verið að segja þegar það er talað um að “lift coefficient increases”?

A

Þú ert kominn á meira AoA

81
Q

Vso is defined as:

a) stalling speed in landing configuration
b) reference stalling speed in landing configuration

A

a) stalling speed in landing configuration

82
Q

Hvað væri rétt svar ef þú værir spurður um hvernig drag breytist með klifri með constant IAS?

A

alltaf eins, ef IAS er eins, þá er drag eins.

83
Q

í climb dæmum þá sérðu stundum “(SIN (Angle of climb)” hvað myndir þú inputta inn fyrir þetta?

A

Þetta er climb í prósentum, inputtar t.d. 2,7% sem 0.027.

Getur hunsað þetta “sin” dæmi.

84
Q

Best rate of climb at a constant gross mass

a) decreases with altitude
b) increases with altitude

A

decreases with altitude since the thrust available decreases due to the lower air density.

85
Q

Hver er maximum crosswind fyrir contaminated runway surface?

A

10 kts

86
Q

By what percentage should V2 be greater than Vmca?

A

10%

87
Q

The coefficient of lift can be increased either by flap extension or by..

A

increasing the angle of attack.

88
Q

Approach climb requirement is based on

a) all engine / one engine inop
b) flaps LDG / APP
c) Gear up/down

A

one engine out, flaps approach, gear up

89
Q

The value of V1 has to be equal to or higher than

a) Vmc b) Vmcg

A

b) Vmcg

90
Q

Meiri headwind = Minni/Meiri max range hraði.

A

meiri

91
Q

Ef þú lendir í engine failure á twin engine above OEI ceiling, hvaða hraða notar þú fyrir
a) prop b) jet

A

Báðar nota Vmd
Fyrir jet er það best angle of climb
fyrir prop er það best rate of climb

92
Q

Máttu auka take-off mass ef þú ert með downhill slope?

A

93
Q

Þú átt að meta take-off distance í certification og hefur all engine distance og svo OEI distance. Hvernig finnur þú út hvern á að nota?

A

Skoðar OEI og svo all engine * 1.15. Hærri talan er sú sem þú notar sem take-off distance.

94
Q

Þegar þú ert að skipta yfir á speed schedule 300/0.78 í klifri, hvað gerist fyrir rate of climb?

A

increases, ferð að klífa á Mach (pitchar upp).

95
Q

CG = T/W ratio - ___.

A

L/D ratio

96
Q

Hvernig breytist absolute ceiling eftir CG?

A

Aft CG = hærra absolute ceiling

97
Q

In the approach to land climb requirements, __ ___ may be necessary in emergency situation.

A

fuel dumping

98
Q

Increased cost index = Increased ____.

A

speed

99
Q

A jet aeroplane is climbing at a constant IAS and maximum climb thrust, how will the climb angle / pitch angle change?

A

Climb angle: reduce

Pitch angle: decrease

100
Q

Ef þú ert með down slope, hvað gerist fyrir V1 og TODR?

A

minnka bæði

101
Q

Er “balanced field length” að miða við one engine inop eða all engine?

A

One engine inop

102
Q

Speed for the best endurance is larger: for aircraft flying at lower/higher altitude.

A

higher. Vélin eyðir minna í háloftunum (kemst hraðar m.v. eyðslu). TAS eykst líka í háloftunum og hér er mögulega átt við TAS en það var ekkert sagt um það í dæminu. Muna bara að speed for best endurance is higher at high altitude.

103
Q

Hvað gerist við max range hraða í headwind?

A

eykst

104
Q

Til að teljast B class, vernig þarf seating configuration (MOPSC) að vera og massi?

A

Nine or less í sætum og 5700 kg eða less.

105
Q

Maximum range = ____ * ____

A

safe fuel available * Specific range

106
Q

For a jet transport aeroplane, which of the following is the reason for the use of “maximum range speed” ?

a) minimum specific fuel consumption
b) minimum fuel flow

A

a) minimum specific fuel consumption

107
Q

A higher OAT increases/decreases the brake energy limited take-off mass?

A

decreases

108
Q

In a given configuration the endurance of a piston engined aeroplane only depends on

a) Altitude, speed, mass and fuel on board
b) altitude, speed and mass

A

a) Altitude, speed, mass and fuel on board

109
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir TODR ef það er runway með contaminated compressed snow?

A

remains the same

110
Q

Hvenær er thrust = drag?

A

Flying straight and level (EKKI í climb eða descent).

111
Q

Hvort er rétt
Thrust = Drag + WSinGAMMA
Thrust = Drag - WSinGAMMA

A

Thrust = Drag - WSinGAMMA

112
Q

Hvað er rétt varðandi jets?

a) The speed for minimum thrust required is used to climb with the best angle of climb.
b) the speed for maximum thrust required is used to climb with the best rate of climb

A

a) The speed for minimum thrust required is used to climb with the best angle of climb.

113
Q

The long range cruise speed is selected because:

a) the higher speed to achieve 99% of maximum specific range in zero wind
b) it is the best speed for economy

A

a) the higher speed to achieve 99% of maximum specific range in zero wind

114
Q

Hvað er obstacle clearance í drift down fyrir Class A aeroplane?

A

2,000 ft

115
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir Vx og Vy (í IAS) ef þú hækkar?

A

Vx constant

Vy decrease

116
Q

Af hverju minnkar brake energy limited take-off mass í hita?

A

Því ef það er heitt þá þarf vélin að fara mjög hratt í GS til að ná IAS sínu. Það reynir meira á bremsurnar auðvitað.

117
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir absolute ceiling ef það er increase in ambient temperature?

A

Það fer neðar.

118
Q

Ef þú setur inn of mikinn massa á planið (ert léttari), verður V2

a) hægari
b) hraðari
c) engin breyting

A

b) hraðari

119
Q

The one engine out take-off run is the distance between the brake release point and the middle of the segment between ___ and the 35 ft point.

A

Vlof

120
Q

Reduced take off thrust should normally not be used when the runway is..

A

contaminated

nor when windshear is reported on the take-off path

121
Q

Reduced take off thrust should normally not be used when the runway is..

A

contaminated

nor when windshear is reported on the take-off path

122
Q

You are flying in a jet at FL350 and you have engine failure. What speed should you use to cover the greatest distance with given fuel?
a) Vy b) Vyse

A

a) Vy

123
Q

Hvort er rétt

a) Plane is uncontrollable under Vmca
b) Straight flight can not be maintained below Vmca, when the critical engine has failed.

A

b) Straight flight can not be maintained below Vmca, when the critical engine has failed.

124
Q

Engines are ___ limited at lower temperatures and ___ limited at higher temperatures

A

pressure, temperature

125
Q

Increased flap setting í take-off, hvað gerist fyrir

a) TODR b) field length limited take-off mass

A

decreased TODR, increased field length limited TOM.

126
Q

Equivilalent depth = Contaminant depth * ___ ___

A

specific gravity

127
Q

Vref may not be below 1.23__

A

Vsro

128
Q

Hvaða hraðar ákvarða V2min?

A

Vsr, Vmca

129
Q

Maximum horizontal speed occurs when maximum ___ is equal to total drag.

A

thrust

130
Q

Ef v1 er minnkað, hvað verður um one engine out obstacle clearance? climb performance?

A

One engine out obstacle clearance verður verra því þú étur nú upp meiri braut áður en þú byrjar að klífa (V1 gerist fyrr = fyrr vélarlaus) en climb performance miðast hvort sem er við one engine out svo það breytist ekki. Climbar alveg eins þegar í loftið er komið.

131
Q

Hvernig raðast þessir hraðar upp frá hægari til hraðari? V1, Vr, Vlof, Vmu, Vmc, Vef

A

Vef, V1, Vmc, Vr, Vmu, Vlof.

132
Q

Hvaða hraðar breytast þegar þú beygir úr mótvindi í meðvind?

A

Groundspeed breytist en IAS breytist ekkert.

133
Q

Hvað er 1 kg mörg lbs?

A

2,205

134
Q

Ef þú klífur í jet aeroplane í constant IAS og maximum climb thrust, hvernig breytist climb angle og pitch angle?

A

Climb angle minnkar og pitch angle minnkar líka. (Til að halda IAS þá vantar þig mólekúl í pípuna og þarft að sleppa vél fram og sækja hraðann og þar með minnkar pitch angle).

135
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir TODR þegar þú eykur V2 speed?

A

Increases TODR

136
Q

Ef þú átt að svara varðandi gliding hraða, t.d. max glide range og max endurance, í hvaða graf ferðu?

A

Power required vs TAS.
Endurance: Vminpower
Range: Vmd

137
Q

Hver er take-off faktorinn fyrir A-class airplane? (dry)

A

1.15

138
Q

Hvenær myndir þú nota reduced thrust?

A

Þegar þú ert léttari en þú þarft að vera skv. vallarskilyrðum.

139
Q

Minimum drag is proportional to the aircraft’s ___.

A

mass.

140
Q

Approach climb requiredment is based on one engine out, flaps approach and gear _.

A

up.

141
Q

Hvað má V2min vera lítið fyrir:

a) 2-3 engine airplanes
b) More than three engines

A

a) 1.08 Vsr

b) 1.13 Vsr

142
Q

Which speed are used for determination of V2 min?

a) Vmcg b) V2 c) Vsr d) Vmca e) Vso f) V1

A

c) Vsr d) Vmca

143
Q
Specific range (SR) = \_\_\_/Total fuel flow
a) IAS   b) TAS  c) GS  d) Mach
A

b) TAS

144
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir V1 ef þú eykur massa?

A

V1 eykst

145
Q

With regard to an unaccelerated horizontal flight, minimum drag is ___ to the aircraft mass.

A

proportional

146
Q

Af hverju eyðir piston vél meira í háloftunum?

A

Þynnra loft -> power output minnkar -> verður að gefa inn bensín á móti

147
Q

What balances thrust in the climb?

A

Drag + Wsin(O)