perdev Flashcards
A relatively stable set of perceptions one holds to oneself
Self Concept
-Very fluid and in a state of constant change
-There is more to self than is included within the self-concept
-Area that represents our untapped potential
Self
-More highly structured and difficult to change
-A portion may not actually be included in the self
-Area that represents the part of ourselves we invent
Self Concept
a behavior that provides us insight about our own state of mind
Self reflexive act
Refer to the positions that we hold with respect to other people
Social roles
Process of comparing ourselves to others to gain insight into our own traits and abilities
Social Comparison
the process wherein people base their sense of self on how they believe others view them; the social interaction is the “mirror,” and people use feedback from others to measure their own self-concept
Looking glass self
a mental representation of the combined viewpoints of all other people
Generalized other
illustrates the way our significant others (i.e., people who are important to us) influence our self-concept e.g. teachers influenced the students’ self-concepts
Pygmalion effect
mental picture we have of ourselves – it sums up the kind of person we think we are; composite of roles we claim and attitudes and beliefs we use to describe who and what we are to others
Self Image
self-evaluation; estimation of self-worth
include the value or importance we place on our perceived characteristics;
Self Esteem
refers to thinking about our strengths and weaknesses, about who we are (actual self) vs. who we’d like to be (ideal self).
Cognitive self esteem
refers to feelings about ourselves in reference to our analysis of our strengths and weaknesses.
Affective self esteem
refers to verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as disclosures, assertiveness, conflict strategies, and gestures.
Behavioral self esteem
composed of perceptions of how intelligent we are and what we assume our strengths be
Mental self
include perceptions of our body and how physically attractive we think we are
Physical self
include perceptions of self that we do not readily disclose to others
Private self
include those aspects of the self that we desire others to perceive
Public self
TF: Self-concept shifts over time and between situations
True
information that dominates a person’s sense of self at a particular point in time
Working self concept
refers to the act of willingly sharing information about ourselves to others.
Self disclosure
- nonmoral characteristics that are usually innate and automatic
- genetically influenced and associated with concrete consequences such as wealth
- may be augmented, but improvements are typically small
- e.g. athletic ability
Talents
- moral built-in capacities for particular ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Personal Strengths
ideas about oneself that are unproductive or that make it more difficult to achieve goals) and automatic negative thoughts
Self destructive beliefs
– a subjective experience of perceived intellectual phoniness that is held by high-achieving individuals who, despite of their objective successes, fail to internalize these successes
Impostor Phenomenon
intentionally revealing information about ourselves to another person that she or he is unlikely to discover in other ways
Self disclosure
basic functions essential for survival
Hindbrain
responsible for coordination of movement, equilibrium, procedural memory
Cerebellum
respiration, heart rate, blood pressure
Medulla
sleep and arousal
Pons
area for reward or pleasure that is stimulated by food, sex, money, music, attractive faces, and some drugs), visual and auditory reflexes, reticular formation (responsible for arousing the forebrain so that it is ready to process information from the senses)
Midbrain
highest center of the brain that perceives sensations, initiates voluntary movement, provide awareness of emotions, memory, thinking, planning, language abilities and other higher mental functions.
Forebrain
a thin layer cells
Cerebral cortex
control of emotions, judgements, voluntary movement, guide to the degree of complexity and motor capabilities
Frontal lobe
which matures at the age of 25, regulates activity in subcortical emotional centers, planning and supervising moral decisions, and when its functionality is altered may lead to impulsive aggression. Its lack of communication with amygdala is implicated with psychopathy.
Prefrontal Cortex
a surgical treatment in the 1930s that involves the removal of the 1/3 of the brain
Lobotamy
body sensory and spatial reasoning
Parietal Lobe
sense of vision
occipital lobe
sense of hearing
temporal lobe
the ability to understand the mental states of others
theory of mind
responsible for consolidating short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)
Hippocampus
in processing emotions (fear)
Amygdala
responsible for expressive language (i.e. speaking)
Broca’s area
responsible for receptive language (i.e. understanding verbal and nonverbal communication)
Wernicke’s Area
carries the impulses back and forth from the body to brain or vice versa, and controls many reflexes
Spinal Chord
are unlearned, involuntary reaction to stimulus
Reflexes
transmits sensory information; controls external activities of skeletal muscles, skin and glands; regulates voluntary actions
Somatic Nervous System
has 31 pairs
Spinal nerves
has 12 pairs
Cranial nerves
regulates involuntary actions and controls internal activities of the glands, internal organs, blood vessels etc.
Autonomic Nervous System
stress or emergency situation; located in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord
Sympathetic Nervous System
takes over the body during the period of relaxation or quiescence
Parasympathetic Nervous System
structural unit of the nervous system; 100 billion
Neurons
contains the nucleus; provides fuel, manufactures chemicals, and maintains the entire neuron in working order
Cell body/Soma
short processes that carry signals TOWARDS from the cell body to neighboring neurons, organs or muscles after receiving signals in the form of neurotransmitters emitted from other nerve cells
Dendrites
long processes that carry signals AWAY from the cell body to the neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles
Axon
this is a fatty material that insulates an axon, protect it from damage and prevents interference from electrical signals from adjacent axons
Myelin Sheath
where neurotransmitters are stored
Terminal buttons
small gap between the terminal button and its adjacent organ, muscle or cell body. a one-way connection, meaning signals pass from axon to dendrite but do not travel in the opposite direction.
Synapse
bring stimuli from the sensors to the CNS
Afferent
connect sensory and motor neurons
Interneurons
bring responses from the brain to the muscles and the glands
Efferent
also known as conduction. Communication within the cell (Dendrites to Axon)
Electrical Transmission
Electrical Signaling along the axon
Action potential
Communication between neurons (intercellular signalling)l
Chemical transmission
formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system.
Synaptogenesis
brain nutrient that enhances neurons health
neurotrophins
brain’s ability to grow and change; occurs throughout the life span
Neuroplasticity
If neurons are not used at appropriate times during brain development, their ability to make connections dies.
Neural Pruning
Programmed cell death that occurs through a series of events termed apoptosis and is an appropriate and essential event during brain development
Apoptosis
– Active cell death
– Safer
– Removes excess neurons
– Appropriate and essential
Apoptosis
– triggered by external factors
– Passive cell death
May lead to harmful inflammation
Necrosis
are chemicals contained in synaptic vesicles held by the terminal buttons.
Neurotransmitters
Transmitter at muscles; in brain, involved in learning, etc.
Acetylcholine
Involved in mood, sleep, and arousal, aggression, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and alcoholism.
Serotonin
Contributes to movement control and promotes reinforcing effects of food, sex, and abused drugs
Dopamine
A hormone released during stress.
Norepinephrine
A stress hormone related to norepinephrine;
Epinephrine
The principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord.
Glutamate
Neuromodulators that reduce pain and enhance reinforcement.
Endorphins
complex psychophysiological experience
Emotions
Starts with the state of arousal
Biological Component
sends signals to the adrenal gland in order to prepare the body
Sympathetic Nervous System
Keeps body from expanding energy
Parasympathetic Nervous System
overpowered by emotions
Emotional hijacking
seat of all emotions
Amygdala
emotional state occur at the same time (no role for thoughts)
event= arousal & emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
interpretations of the companying physiological actions
(event - arousal - emotion)
James-Lange Theory
the experiences of emotion depends on two factors
1. physiological arousal
2. interpretation of arousal
(event - arousal - cognitive label (thought/reasoning) - emotion
Schater and Singer Theory
thought must come first before any emotions
(event - thought = emotion & arousal)
Lazarus Theory
changes in our facial muscles that cue our brains and provides the basis of our emotion
Facial Feedback Theory
Eight primary emotions
Joy, Sadness, Disgust, Fear, Anger, Surprise, Anticipation, Trust
experiences of emotion depends on the manner
Lazarus Theory
determined by our appraisal
Subjective Labeling
ability to understand, use and manage our emotions
Emotional Intelligence
tune in one’s feelings
Self awareness
Controls disruptive impulses
Self Regulation
maintain standards of honesty and integrity
Trustworthiness
takes reponsibility
Consentiousness
flexibility in handling change
Adaptability
open to new ideas
Innovation
refreames negative thoughts
Motivation
recognize or understand how others feel
Empathy
people skills
Social Skills
not expressing ones needs and feelings
passive
threatening manner
Aggressive
honest and respectful ways
Assertive
