Percieved Wellbeing After Exercise Flashcards
IV
Ps who exercise for 1 hour per day for 5 days and those who don’t.
DV
Level of well-being on a scale of 1 to 10.
Research aim
To discover the effects of exercise on wellbeing. Hoping to find exercise improves overall well-being for Ps who took part compared to those who did not exercise.
Operationalised alternative hypothesis
Participants who exercise for 1 hour per day for 5 days will have significantly higher perceived well-being on a scale of 1 to 10 than those who did not exercise for 5 days.
Is alternative hypothesis directional or non-directional?
Directional (one tailed)
Why did you choose to use directional hypothesis?
Due to previous research carried out by Helen Sanders (2018) - people who exercise have higher productivity and brain function which helps you live a happier more clear life.
Appropriate null hypothesis
Participants who exercise for 1 hour per day for 5 days will not have significantly higher perceived well-being on a scale of 1 to 10 than those who did not exercise for 5 days, and any difference in well-being is due to chance factors alone.
Characteristics of sample group
30 Ps - 15 in each group
Variety of males and females - 16 females, 14 males
Age range - 17 to 35
Sampling method
Opportunity sampling
Two advantages of opportunity sampling
Convenient to choose family and friends to be in the sample and they are readily available.
Quick method of gathering participants.
Two limitations of opportunity sampling
Researcher bias as researcher chooses who will take part.
Sample will not be easily generalisable to the rest of the population.
Most appropriate method?
Questionnaire
Two advantages of questionnaire
Open questions means you can gain rich, qualitative data to discover how Ps really feel when they exercise or not - higher in validity.
Closed questions help researchers quantify data/make quantitative, easier to analyse and display.
Two disadvantages of questionnaire
Can have low response rates as Ps forget to fill them in.
Ps may show social desirability or lie in questionnaire.
What design was chosen?
Independent groups design
Why did you choose independent groups design?
There will be 2 conditions in study - those who exercise and those who don’t. They will both complete the same questionnaire. Results will be compared between each group.
Two strengths of independent groups design
No practise effects as Ps only carried out the conditions of the study once.
No boredom as Ps only carried out the conditions of the study once.
Two weaknesses of independent groups design
Individual differences.
More Ps need to be found for each condition which is time consuming .
Appropriate descriptive statistic that could be used to describe data selected/measure of central tendency
Median
Why is choice of descriptive statistic appropriate?
Ordinal data is used for Mann Whitney test.
Data can be placed in order, middle value found.
Advantage of median
Data is not skewed by extreme scores
Disadvantage of median
Not all the scores in the distribution are taken into account, only the middle value.
Appropriate graphical representation
Bar chart
Why did you choose a bar chart?
Bar charts used when data is ordinal or nominal
Appropriate inferential statistic
Mann Whitney U test
Why Mann Whitney U test?
Ordinal data
Independent groups design
Looking for a difference between groups
Identify one finding of study
Research supported hypothesis and research by Sanders and exercise does improve well-being.
Two issues of reliability faced
Uncertain about the external reliability of this research.
Students to think of one another.
How did you establish your research was reliable?
Test re-test reliability.
Inter-rater reliability.
Two issues of validity faced in research
Internal validity - demand characteristics, extraneous variables, experiment effects, experimenter bias.
External validity - situational factors like time of day, type of exercise, location of exercise.
How did you establish your research was valid?
Face validity - it does have validity, does measure what it claims to measure.
Construct validity - results were similar to studies by others.
Ethical issues concerned about before research
Protection from harm
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality of data
Valid consent
How did you deal with ethical issues?
Protection from harm - carried research over a short period of time to lessen stress
Right to withdraw - Ps knew they have the right to withdraw
Confidentiality of data - data would remain confidentiality
Valid consent - Debriefed after, some deception as not told hypothesis but provided with fully valid consent
Two ways you could improve research
Change design to repeated measure to reduce participant variables.
Increase number of Ps and using Ps outside of family and friends.
