Perceptual and Sensor motor development Flashcards
Outline Perceptual development at birth
Least developed sense at birth – VISUAL PROCESSING AS WELL AS STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
• Visual Acuity: Sharpness of vision; clarity that fine details can be detected (e.g., Maurer & Maurer, 1988)
• Newborn
• Can distinguish visual forms if close enough
• 20/400 vision (really bad vision)
Outline visual acuity at 6months and 8months
outline colour perception at newborn adn 2-4 months
Visual Acuity
• 6 mo: Acuity approximates normal adult vision
• 8 mo: More interest in distant objects, tiny objects
Colour Perception
• Newborn: Prefer colour to grey
• 2-4 mo: See full colour spectrum
Outline the preferential looking method and pattern perception
Looking chamber Fantz (1961). © David Linton- INfaAT LIES DOWN- PRESENT 2 DIFFERENT STIMULI- IF iNFANT SPENDS MORE TIME LOOKING AT one thing moreso than the other we know the infnat knows they’re different.
Paired stimuli Fantz & Nevis (1967) © Wayne State University Press
Pattern Perception
• Newborn: Prefer patterns to plain stimuli
• 2 mo: Prefer more complex patterns to simpler ones
• Toy design…any benefit past 6 mo?
ourline visual scanning
Visual scanning • Eye tracking method • Prefer high-contrast areas • 1 mo: Edges • 2 mo: Internal features • Sticky fixation: Difficulty disengaging visual attention away from one feature to focus on another • 6 mo: Adult-like scanning Maurer & Salapatek (1976
Outline the improvement in how infants see shapes
Perceiving parts vs. wholes (e.g., Cohen & Younger, 1983)
• Not just edges & corners, but whole shape
• Improves over 1st yr •
4 mo: See subjective contours
Perceiving parts vs. wholes
• 12 mo: Recognise incomplete line drawings (Rose et al., 1997)
Define Habituation in terms of infant visual development
A form of learning reflected in a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
Outline infant facial perception
Nature: Newborns track faces more than other stimuli (Johnson et al., 1991)
• Nurture: This bias gives them much experience with faces
- 2-4 mo: Prefer more complex facial stimuli; prefer mother’s face; discriminate individual faces
- 5-12 mo: Discriminate emotional expressions
Outline Depth Perception in infants
3 points
- Kinetic cues (1 mo)- cues coming from motion
• Motion parallax: Nearby objects appear to move faster than distant ones - Binocular cues (3-5 mo)
• Disparity: Brain perceives depth when combining slightly different angle from each eye - Pictorial cues (5-7 mo)
• Interposition: An object that overlaps another appears nearer (Granrud & Yonas, 1984)
• Linear perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in distance (Arterberry et al., 1991)
• Relation between depth perception development and motor development?
Outline the Visual Cliff and what it means
• Visual Cliff (Gibson & Walk, 1960)
• Nature-nurture research- different species- which ones would cross which ones don’t- when born
• Compare depth perception in infants of different species
• Humans: More crawling experience= more avoidance of cliff
e.g. Baby walkers- now banned
Everytime babies learn new form of locamotion relearn depth perception e.g. will stop at a edge when crawling but when walking will walk right off.
Outline Auditory developmenet threshhold
• More mature at birth than vision
• Auditory threshold: Quietest sound can hear (e.g., Aslin et al., 1998)
• Newborns less sensitive than adults to quietest sounds
• Most sensitive to sounds in range of speech
Outline Infant Auditory Localisation
• Localisation (e.g., Clifton, 1992)
• Newborn: Turn head towards sound
• 7 mo: Know when sounding object in dark is within reach (will reach for it if it’s 15cm away and won’t if it’s 60cm away)
• 2 yr: Adult-like Perceptual Development: Hearing
Use preferential observational behaviours to detect whether infants enjoy or dislike stimuli…
Outline Music in infant
Music (e.g., Trainor & Heinmiller, 1998)
• Newborn: Prefer music to nonmelodic sounds
• 4-6 mo: Prefer more common chords
• 6 mo: Distinguish Western vs. non-Western music scales
Outline Speech perception in Infants
Speech (e.g., DeCasper & Spence, 1986)
• Newborns suck preferentially to hear:
• Infant-directed speech (motherese)
• Voice of mother vs. stranger
• Familiar rhyme heard during last 6 weeks of pregnancy vs. novel rhyme
Younger infant prefer familiar- if delay between stimuli will also prefer familiar- emotional stimuli also skews
Old Vs. New
Outline Taste perception in infants
- Newborn: Detect 4 main tastes from 2 hrs old (& prefer sweet)
- Survival value
• 4 mo: Prefer salty to plain
Done by detecting facial expression.
Outline Smell in infants
(e.g. Rosenstein & Oster, 1988)
• Innate?: Universal facial expressions for pleasant (sweet) vs. unpleasant (rotten/fishy) odours
• Newborns prefer familiar odours
• Amniotic fluid
• Breast milk
• Perfume
Make sense- as if threatened in wild- recognition from smell
Diet during pregnancy effects bbaies familiarity of smell e..g garlic or annis
